Nutrition 130: Final Exam
47 Cards in this Set
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How many amino acids are used for protein synthesis?
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20
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what is the basic building block of protein?
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amino acids
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What are the consequences of a diet lacking an essential amino acid in relation to body protein synthesis?
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body can't produce the enzymes it needs to function and protein synthesis will be limited
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What is the fate of amino acids in the body? How is nitrogen from amino acid breakdown excreted?
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...
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Some amino acids use the same carrier for transportation. What's the implication of this?
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...
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Identify possible consequences of too little and excess dietary protein, and know the difference between kwashiorkor and murasmus.
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too little: start losing muscle
too much: no benefit
Kwashiorkor: not enough protein in diet
Murasmus: total starvation
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Know the functions of proteins
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Know the functions of proteins almost all enzymes, hormones and antibodies are proteins, blood clotting, sources of energy
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Know what happens to fat soluble vitamins when protein intake is too low
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the will not be absorbed
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What part of amino acid determines its identity?
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the R group
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What are health problems associated with too high or too low protein intake?
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Too little protein: fluid will leak into the tissues causing swelling (edema)
Too much: kidney function decreases, weight gain, cancer and heart disease
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Why vitamins are important? What are major functions ?
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required for healthy growth and development.
Facilitate energy-yielding reactions and accelerate chemical reactions
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Differentiate between fat-soluble and water -soluble vitamins.
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Fat soluble: first in lymph then in blood, remain in fat storage sites, likely to reach toxic lvl
Water soluble: directly into blood, excess is excreted into urine, unlikely to reach toxic lvl
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What are the sources of vitamins? Is it limited only to plant food?
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food. not just plant food
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What is the active form of vitamin E?
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Alpha-tocopherol
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What is a major role of vitamin E in cell membrane?
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Protects cell membranes from free radicals
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What health problem is a result of vitamin E defficiency?
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Hemolysis- red blood cell breakage
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What is a major form and function of vitamin K?
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Phylloquinone.Vitamin K is essential for the production of blood clotting protein prothrombin
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Relationship between vitamin K injection at birth and bleeding
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Supposedly, paretns refusing vitamin K shots at birth are placing their infants at risk for HDN, hemorrhagic disease of the newborn
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Primary role of B vitamins
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Serve as coenzymes to the enzymes that release energy from CHO, fat and protein
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What are antioxidant vitamins?
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Vitamins (E,C,A) that help eliminate free radicals/toxins
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What vitamin deficiency causes birth defect?
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Folic acid deficiency results in neural tube defects
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22. What is the relationship between plasma homocysteine concentration and folate, B6 and B12?
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Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to elevated levels of homocysteine, associated with increased risk of vascular disease
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What is released when blood glucose is high? What is released when blood glucose is low?
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for high blood glucose, insulin is released and for low blood glucose, glucagon is release
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Know the difference between type I and type II diabetes mellitus
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Know the difference between type I and type II diabetes mellitus
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Recommendation of high/low glycemic index (GI) food in relation to diabetes
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The higher the glycemic index, the faster the rise in blood sugar. Diabetics should eat mostly low GI food
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Functions and characteristics of water and also in relation to diuretics
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Primary solvent in the body, participates in thousands of chemical reactions, lubrication, acid base balance, regulates body temp
Diuretics: alcohol and caffeine are diuretics that inhibit ADH activity
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What regulates water inside and outside the cells?
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electrolyte concentration (ions)
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Which organ monitors blood fluid level?
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kidney
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Does fever due to illness increase/decrease energy need and water loss?
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Increase both
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Know conditions that inhibit ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
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Alcohol, Caffine, diuretic meds
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Who is most at risk for dehydration? e.g, elderly versus young
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elderly and young, i don't know which one "wins"
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What determines BMR (basal metabolic rate)? Lean versus fat mass
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Lean body mass
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What are the factors that affect total energy balance?
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how much you eat, and how much energy you use
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What are the percentages of energy expenditure for physical activity, thermic effect of foods, and BMR?
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...
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What are important roles of calcium in the body?
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Muscle function, structure of bones and teeth, blood clotting, nerve impulses
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What enhances calcium absorption?
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Need vitamin D to absorb, enhanced by lactose
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What is a precursor for vitamin D synthesis?
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7-dehydrocholesterol...answer might just be cholesterol
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What vitamin deficiency causes "Beriberi" and its symptom?
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Thiamine.
symptoms: weight loss
Dry beriberi: neurological abnormalities
Wet beriberi: cardiac abnormalities, edema
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What is Pellagra caused by, and what are its three symptoms?
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Niacin deficiency. 3d's: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia
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What vitamin is affected by raw egg white consumption?
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Avidin in raw egg whites binds to biotin and makes it impossible to absorb.
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What is a difference in terms of sodium content between processed versus unprocessed foods?
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Unprocessed foods have lower sodium content
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Know diuretic drugs and water loss. Is it safe to use these drugs for weight loss?
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Cause water loss in the urine, also loss of electrolytes. Not safe for weight loss
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Relationship between vitamin K and antibiotics.
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Long term use of antibiotics can cause a vitamin k deficiency
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Know the roles of ADH and aldosterone in maintaining fluid balance
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ADH: antidiuretic hormone Aldosterone: stimulates salt absorb.
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What organ is primarily responsible for monitoring and maintaining fluid balance?
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kidney
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Difference between osteoblasts and osteoclasts related to bone health
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Osteoblasts, bone formation. Osteoclasts, bone destruction
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What are the factors that increase the risk for osteoporosis?
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Lack of exercise, low vitamin D and Calcium
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Nutrition 130: Final Exam