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Nutrition 130: Final Exam
How many amino acids are used for protein synthesis? |
20 |
what is the basic building block of protein? |
amino acids |
What are the consequences of a diet lacking an essential amino acid in relation to body protein synthesis? |
body can't produce the enzymes it needs to function and protein synthesis will be limited |
What is the fate of amino acids in the body? How is nitrogen from amino acid breakdown excreted? |
... |
Some amino acids use the same carrier for transportation. What's the implication of this? |
... |
Identify possible consequences of too little and excess dietary protein, and know the difference between kwashiorkor and murasmus. |
too little: start losing muscle
too much: no benefit
Kwashiorkor: not enough protein in diet
Murasmus: total starvation |
Know the functions of proteins |
Know the functions of proteins almost all enzymes, hormones and antibodies are proteins, blood clotting, sources of energy |
Know what happens to fat soluble vitamins when protein intake is too low |
the will not be absorbed |
What part of amino acid determines its identity? |
the R group |
What are health problems associated with too high or too low protein intake? |
Too little protein: fluid will leak into the tissues causing swelling (edema)
Too much: kidney function decreases, weight gain, cancer and heart disease |
Why vitamins are important? What are major functions ? |
required for healthy growth and development.
Facilitate energy-yielding reactions and accelerate chemical reactions |
Differentiate between fat-soluble and water -soluble vitamins. |
Fat soluble: first in lymph then in blood, remain in fat storage sites, likely to reach toxic lvl
Water soluble: directly into blood, excess is excreted into urine, unlikely to reach toxic lvl |
What are the sources of vitamins? Is it limited only to plant food? |
food. not just plant food |
What is the active form of vitamin E? |
Alpha-tocopherol |
What is a major role of vitamin E in cell membrane? |
Protects cell membranes from free radicals |
What health problem is a result of vitamin E defficiency? |
Hemolysis- red blood cell breakage |
What is a major form and function of vitamin K? |
Phylloquinone.Vitamin K is essential for the production of blood clotting protein prothrombin |
Relationship between vitamin K injection at birth and bleeding |
Supposedly, paretns refusing vitamin K shots at birth are placing their infants at risk for HDN, hemorrhagic disease of the newborn |
Primary role of B vitamins |
Serve as coenzymes to the enzymes that release energy from CHO, fat and protein |
What are antioxidant vitamins? |
Vitamins (E,C,A) that help eliminate free radicals/toxins |
What vitamin deficiency causes birth defect? |
Folic acid deficiency results in neural tube defects
|
22. What is the relationship between plasma homocysteine concentration and folate, B6 and B12? |
Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to elevated levels of homocysteine, associated with increased risk of vascular disease |
What is released when blood glucose is high? What is released when blood glucose is low? |
for high blood glucose, insulin is released and for low blood glucose, glucagon is release |
Know the difference between type I and type II diabetes mellitus |
Know the difference between type I and type II diabetes mellitus |
Recommendation of high/low glycemic index (GI) food in relation to diabetes |
The higher the glycemic index, the faster the rise in blood sugar. Diabetics should eat mostly low GI food |
Functions and characteristics of water and also in relation to diuretics |
Primary solvent in the body, participates in thousands of chemical reactions, lubrication, acid base balance, regulates body temp
Diuretics: alcohol and caffeine are diuretics that inhibit ADH activity |
What regulates water inside and outside the cells? |
electrolyte concentration (ions) |
Which organ monitors blood fluid level? |
kidney |
Does fever due to illness increase/decrease energy need and water loss? |
Increase both |
Know conditions that inhibit ADH (antidiuretic hormone) |
Alcohol, Caffine, diuretic meds |
Who is most at risk for dehydration? e.g, elderly versus young |
elderly and young, i don't know which one "wins" |
What determines BMR (basal metabolic rate)? Lean versus fat mass |
Lean body mass |
What are the factors that affect total energy balance? |
how much you eat, and how much energy you use |
What are the percentages of energy expenditure for physical activity, thermic effect of foods, and BMR? |
... |
What are important roles of calcium in the body? |
Muscle function, structure of bones and teeth, blood clotting, nerve impulses |
What enhances calcium absorption? |
Need vitamin D to absorb, enhanced by lactose |
What is a precursor for vitamin D synthesis? |
7-dehydrocholesterol...answer might just be cholesterol |
What vitamin deficiency causes "Beriberi" and its symptom? |
Thiamine.
symptoms: weight loss
Dry beriberi: neurological abnormalities
Wet beriberi: cardiac abnormalities, edema |
What is Pellagra caused by, and what are its three symptoms? |
Niacin deficiency. 3d's: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia |
What vitamin is affected by raw egg white consumption? |
Avidin in raw egg whites binds to biotin and makes it impossible to absorb. |
What is a difference in terms of sodium content between processed versus unprocessed foods? |
Unprocessed foods have lower sodium content |
Know diuretic drugs and water loss. Is it safe to use these drugs for weight loss? |
Cause water loss in the urine, also loss of electrolytes. Not safe for weight loss |
Relationship between vitamin K and antibiotics. |
Long term use of antibiotics can cause a vitamin k deficiency |
Know the roles of ADH and aldosterone in maintaining fluid balance |
ADH: antidiuretic hormone Aldosterone: stimulates salt absorb. |
What organ is primarily responsible for monitoring and maintaining fluid balance? |
kidney |
Difference between osteoblasts and osteoclasts related to bone health |
Osteoblasts, bone formation. Osteoclasts, bone destruction |
What are the factors that increase the risk for osteoporosis? |
Lack of exercise, low vitamin D and Calcium |