PSY 101: FINAL EXAM
144 Cards in this Set
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What is a psychological disorder?
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- Presently harmful thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
- Pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional
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What are three characteristics that determine difference between unusual behavior and abnormal behavior?
1. Deviant
2. Distressful
3. Dysfunction
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1. Deviant
2. Distressful
3. Dysfunction
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What does being Deviant mean?
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Different from most others in a particular culture
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What does Distressful mean?
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Is it unpleasant for the person?
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What does having Dysfunction mean?
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Does it affect one's life in a negative way?
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What is the biopsychosocial perspective?
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•Health has biological, psychological, and social factors.
•Psychological disorders are products of biological risks, psychological stresses, and social pressures
•Mind and body are connected: Means that the mind (how you think) can influence the physical body. Your body can influence …
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What is the biomedical perspective of a psychological disorder?
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Says that biology is the most important factor. Been around for 300 years
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How does a biomedical model not fit psychological disorders?
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Biological disorders can't be cured
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What was good about the biomedical view of psychological disorders?
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- It replaced other models that were stigmatizing such as the moral model, the religious model.
- Led to drug discovery so when anti psychotic drugs were introduced there was a decline of patients in mental institutions
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What is the DSM-5?
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- American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychological Disorders
- Most widely used and accepted classification of psychological disorders
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How are diagnoses made according to DSM-5?
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- It is for identification and description, not explain the disorder
- Defines process of diagnosis for 16 clinical syndromes
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What is bipolar disorder?
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Alternating between depressive manic states
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What has happened to the prevalence of bipolar disorder?
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Have increased almost 40 times. (Young males are most responsible for this increase)
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What is major depressive disorder?
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- The common cold of psychological disorders (almost 10% of people have been diagnosed)
- The number one reason people seek mental health services
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What are major depressive disorder symptoms/diagnostic criteria?
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- According to the DSM: Five or more of the following symptoms for at least two weeks (one has to be a depressed mood or a loss of pleasure)
1. Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day
2. Diminished interest in pleasurable activities
3. Significant weight loss or gain
4. Inso…
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What has research in the last 25 years found regarding depression?
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- Depression is accompanied by behavioral and cognitive changes
- Depression is prevalent
- Most people recover without professional help
- Recurrence - Once you experience the first onset, your brain learns to be depressed and continues to experience them
- Can be triggered by enviro…
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What biological factors have been identified in depression?
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Heritability and Genetics
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Which neurotransmitters have been identified in depression?
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Norepinephrine
Serotonin
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What is Norepinephrine?
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Increases arousal, also boosts mood (Low levels in depressed people - Bipolar have high levels of this)
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What is serotonin?
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Influences direct or indirectly almost every brain cell; motivation, mood, appetite, sexual desire, sleep, memory, temperature regulation
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Individuals with major depressive disorders tend to have negative explanatory style and they make attributions that are:
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1. Internal - my fault
2. Stable - Permanent (always be this way)
3. Global - pervasive (affect everything I do)
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What are the five types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms?
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1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
2. Panic Disorder
3. Phobias
4. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
5. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder:
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- A person is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy.
- Dizziness, sweaty palms, hear palpitations, and ringing in ears, shaking
- Unfocused, out of control, lack of attention
- Worry continually
- Must have symptoms for 6 months or more
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Panic Disorder:
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- A person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread
- Panic attacks: minute long episode of intense fear that something terrible is going to happen
- Heart palpitations, shortness of breath, choking sensations, trembling, dizziness
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Phobias:
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- A person is intensely afraid and irrationally afraid of a specific object or situation
- They avoid the situation completely, and hide from the fear
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder:
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- A person is troubled by repetitive thoughts or actions
- Affect everyday living and cause distress
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder:
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- A person has lingering memories, nightmares, and other symptoms for weeks after a severely threatening, uncontrollable event
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What is psychology?
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The science of behavior and mental processes
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How has the definition of psychology changed over time?
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Introspection --> behaviorism -->science of mental processes
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Who is the father of psychology in the U.S?
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William James
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Describe the scientific method.
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An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts behaviors or events
1. Theories
2. Hypotheses
3. Research and Observations
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What is a theory?
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Explains with principles that organize observations and predict behaviors or events.
- Simplifies by linking facts with deeper principles to create a summary
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What is a hypothesis?
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Pediction stated in a way that allows the theory to be tested
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What is a correlation?
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Systematically measuring the relationship between two or more variables. Are they related?
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What is the primary weakness of the correlational method?
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- Correlation indicates a possibility of cause and effect relationship but does not prove it.
- ASSOCIATION DOES NOT PROVE CAUSATION
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What is the experimental method?
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Manipulation of one or more variables to observe the effect on behavior or mental processes while using random assignment control for relevant factors
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Control Group
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Do not receive the treatment or alternative version of independent variable
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Experimental Group
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The people who receive the treatment. The participants who are presented the independent variable
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Independent Variable
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The variable that is being manipulated
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Dependent Variable
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The measured variable
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What is random assignment and why is it important?
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- Key to an experiment; each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to the experimental and control conditions; why so important?
- It distributes all the differences evenly
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EEG
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Records electrical activity on brain's surface
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MRI
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Structure, longitude studies - see the change of the brain over time
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fMRI
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Determines activity and function during information processing tasks
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Three types of neurons
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1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Interneurons
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Sensory Neurons
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Carries sensory input to brain and spinal cord
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Motor Neurons
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Carries message from brain to muscles (body)
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Interneurons
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Only found in brain and spinal cord, Internal communication system
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What are the four areas of the cerebral cortex and their respective functions?
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- Frontal Lobe
- Parietal Lobe
- Occipital Lobe
- Temporal Lobe
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Frontal Lobe
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Behind your forehead, decision making, muscle movements, speaking, planning, personality
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Parietal Lobe
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Sensory Input, touch sensations, awareness of your body
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Occipital Lobe
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Vision and visual processing
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Temporal Lobe
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Associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech
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Dual Processing
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The principal that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
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What is the high low?
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People are very focused on a goal. Very thoughtful and slow. Needs very high concentration.
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What is the low road?
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States of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with ongoing activities. Fast process. We don't think we just do it.
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What is nature?
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- Genetics, Biology, Evolution, Neurotransmitters, Hormones
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What is nurture?
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- Family Background, Siblings, Religion, Education, Culture, Geography, Diet
- Everything that isn't biology
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How much genetic material do human beings share with each other?
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Humans are 99.95% genetically identical
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What are the two categories of twin studies?
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1. Comparing identical to fraternal twins on agreeableness
2. Comparing identical twins raised together or apart on agreeableness
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What was the overall conclusion of the Minnesota twins study (Bouchard, 2004)?
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Most if not all of our psychological traits are inherited
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What do adoption studies show with respect to nature and nurture influences on personality? Of attitudes and values?
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- People who group up together but are not biologically related tend to have few similar personalities and interests
- Suggestion Personality is heritable
- "Two adopted children reared in the same home are no more likely to share personality traits with each other than with the kid do…
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According to evolutionary psychologists, how do mate selection strategies differ for men vs. women?
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- Men prefer, furthering genes is about reproduction so they seek/prefer a mate favorable to that goal.
- Men Prefer - Youth, physical beauty (waist to hip ratio .7), fidelity
- Women prefer, furthering genes is about raising a healthy child because women offer more nurture throughout …
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Piaget's theory of cognitive development - what are the stages and the major milestone associated with each?
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1. Sensorimotor Stage: Milestone: Object Permanence: The idea that an object continuous to exist even if it can't be seen. (Out of sight out of mind)
2. Preoperational Stage: Milestone: Egocentrism: Kids have a real difficult time taking the perspective of another person.
3. Concre…
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What the greatest strength of Piaget's theory?
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Stages have been confirmed universally (culturally), sequence of cognitive milestones seems accurate
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What is attachment?
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"Is the caregiver nearby, accessible, and attentive?"
An emotional tie with another person
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What are the three types of attachment?
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1. Secure Attachment
2. Insecure Attachment
3. Avoidance Attachment
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Secure attachment
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Plays happily, explores environment, upset when mom leaves, happy when she returns, when the mom leaves the baby is okay (60% of kids)
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Insecure Attachment
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Anxious resistant kids (20% of Kids), nervously explores, upset when mom leaves, upset when she returns (Happy to see her but mad at her that she left)
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Avoidance Attachment
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The baby is indifferent
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What did Harlow and Harlow (1971) find?
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Attachment is more about this contact than it is about nourishment
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What are the two parental behaviors that influence self-concept?
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1. Warmth
2. Control
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Warmth
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- Affectionate, responds to child's emotional needs, spends considerable time (Responsiveness)
- Highly involved parents
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Control
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Control child's behavior, rules, punishment, expectations
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Four parenting styles
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1. Authoritative
2. Authoritarian
3. Permissive
4. Neglectful
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Authoritative
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High warmth and high control (Democratic punishment - best one)
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Authoritarian
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High in control, low in warmth (You do it because I told you to)
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Permissive
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High in warmth, spend time with kids, but no control, and no rules set in forth which means no punishments
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Neglectful
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Uninvolved, Low warmth, and no control (Worst Kind)
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What is crystallized intelligence?
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Accumulated knowledge, verbal skills, depends on experience and what we learn
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What is fluid intelligence?
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Non-verbal intelligence, ability to solve problems or do logic, ability to reason quickly and abstractly (Peaks in young adulthood) (Declines in late adulthood)
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What is perception?
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Process by which sensory information is organized and interpreted (Made meaningful)
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What is sensation?
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Process by which our nervous system receives and represents environmental stimuli
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What is parallel processing?
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The simultaneous processing of various sub dimensions of visual scene. This is because we can process color, motion, depth, and form all at once.
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What is sensory adaptation?
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Diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus
- For example, walk into a room with a strong smell; the smell diminishes a few moments in
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What is absolute threshold?
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Minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time
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What is our greatest sense?
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Vision
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What are the greatest strengths of classical conditioning?
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- Brought objectivity to psychology
- Widely applied
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How does awareness influence classical conditioning?
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Cognition matters - awareness can influence the strength of learned associations
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Operant Conditioning
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When an organism forms associations between behavior and consequences of the behavior
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What is a reinforcer?
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Something that increases the frequency of a behavior or response
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Positive Reinforcer
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When a behavior or response is strengthened by presenting a pleasurable stimulus
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Negative Reinforcer
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When a behavior or response is strengthened by reducing or removing something unpleasant or undesirable, taking something negative away.
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Tangible vs. Non-tangible
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Tangible (money) or non-tangible (Praise)
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What is memory?
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Learned information that has been stored and can be retrieved
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How do researchers study memory?
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1. Recall
2. Recognition
3. Relearning
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Recall
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Retrieve information learned earlier, as in a fill in the blank test
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Recognition
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Identify or pick out items previously learned, as in a multiple choice test
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Relearning
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The faster an individual relearns the information, the better their memory
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What is the misinformation effect (Loftus & Palmer, 1974)?
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Several misinformation can increase recall from an experience and increase memory (car accident study)
Incorporating misleading information into one's memory
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What are three ways researchers have identified that we solve problems and which way leads to the most error?
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1. Heuristics
2. Algorithms
3. Insight
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Heuristics
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Fastest way: mental shortcuts; efficient, but can lead to errors - lead us to the most errors than the other 2
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Algorithms
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Takes the longest: Methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a problem - proofing a math theory, but they take forever
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Insight
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Most unusual: "Aha!" sudden and often novel realization of the solution - solution just pops into your head
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Functional Fixedness
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Tenancy to think of things only in terms of their usual function
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Representative Bias
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Assumption that any object (or person) sharing characteristic with the members of a particular category is also a member of that category
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Availability Bias
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Judge likelihood of things in terms of how available in memory
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Affective Forecasting
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Offers insight into our predictions of emotions in future real or imagine situations. We use our present feelings to predict our emotions of the future
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What is motivation?
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Something that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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1. Physiological Needs: Need to satisfy hunger and thirst.
2. Safety Needs: Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable, need to feel safe.
3. Belongingness and Love Needs: Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted, need to avoid loneliness and separation.
4. Es…
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Which part of the brain controls hunger?
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Hypothalamus
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What division of the nervous system is acting in fight or flight; how does this system influence us?
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Sympathetic (EX. Fight or Flight) - Release stress hormones; release excess sugar into bloodstream
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What is anorexia nervosa?
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Excessive fear of gaining weight/becoming overweight, sometimes engage in excessive exercise, may begin as weight loss diet, usually adolescents; mostly female, fall significantly below normal weight (90% women)
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What is bulimia nervosa?
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May also be triggered by weight loss diet, repeated pattern of binging and purging, late teens, early 20s; mostly female, more common than anorexia
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What eating disorder is the most common?
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Bulimia Nervosa
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What are some differences researchers have found for people who have these different disorders with regard to family?
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- Anorexia diagnosis and risk associated with: higher achieving and competitive families
- Bulimia diagnosis and risk associated with: families in which there is higher than average drug and alcohol problems and also depression and obesity
- Both have tense interactions with parents - …
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Differences in the two eating disorders?
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- Cognition: thoughts preoccupied by weight (anorexia) vs. sweets (bulimia). Psychological Health: Those with bulimia are more prone to depression. Personality: Impulsivity (Bulimia), self-control, and achievement seeking (Anorexia).
- Weight-related symptoms of disorder differ - People…
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What are the three components of an emotion?
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Thinking, physiological responses, and behaviors
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James Lange Theory
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- Physiological arousal experiences first, then we experience emotion
- Counter-intuitive - meaning we cry and then we feel sad
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Cannon Bard Theory
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- Arousal not distinct enough to signal emotion and emotion happens too quickly
- Physiological arousal and emotion occur at the same time
- Emotion is the brain and the physiological comes from the nervous system
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Two Factor Theory
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- Addressed cognition related to emotion
- Physiological arousal and cognition happen together, and then emotion is experienced
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What is happiness?
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A positive state of mind; also called subjective well-being
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What is the relationship between wealth and happiness?
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If we don't have any, we are miserable; once we have enough to be comfortable, increases matter less
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Describe two phenomena that have a large influence on our happiness
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1. Adaption Level
2. Relative Deprivation
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Adaption
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The tendency to judge stimuli relative to those we have previously experienced; means we will adapt quickly and new thing will be the norm
- EX. Having a high GPA, you are happy the first semester but not the second
- We always recalibrate
- Adaption is a good thing because it means …
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Relative Deprivation
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Sense that we are worse off than other people
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Which personality would be acting when a kid is having a temper tantrum?
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The ID
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What anxiety order would make you have biological differences?
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Generalized anxiety order
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Which type of parenting is associated with the most socially competent children?
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Authoritative
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During the preoperational stage of cognitive development children display egocentric thinking. The exception to this is thinking is their theory of mind in which they are quite good in grasping:
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What people are feeling
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Emotions that affect two different situations
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Spill over affect
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Comparing identical twins raised apart to identical twins raised together varies _______ while comparing identical twins raised together to fraternal twins raised together varies in _______
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nurture
nature
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If psychologists discovered that people who make less money are less satisfied in their marriages than those who make more money this would indicate that income and marital satisfaction are:
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Positively Correlated
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Compared to men women are ___ times likely to experience depression
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2x
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Where does memory reside in the brain?
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Several places
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Prior to higher order processing, visual sensory information traveling to the brain first goes:
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Thalamus
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Which problem solving heuristic relates to the tendency to overestimate the risks of terrorists attacks and underestimate the risks of a car accident?
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Availability Heuristic
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Developmental psychology suggests that babies who are securely attached with a caregiver by age 1 have had:
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Responsive Parents
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In pavlovs research the dog's salvation in response to a bell was known as
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Conditioned Response
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Which neuroscience technique allows researchers to examine parts of the active brain while someone is engaged in a task such as remembering photos?
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EKG
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An individual's characteristics pattern of thinking feeling and acting is on his or her:
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Personality
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What neurons do we have the most of?
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Interneurons
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What is the key to experiments? How are they able to determine cause and effect?
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Random Assignment
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Memory research suggests:
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People are generally vulnerable to misinformation
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PSY 101: CHAPTER 5 TERMS