PSY 101: CHAPTER 8
44 Cards in this Set
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Memory
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Persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of info.
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3 Stages of memory system
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Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
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Encoding
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putting things into memory system. Transferring info from working memory to LTM.
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Storage
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Way info is held in the system
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Retrieval
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Accessing info. This deals with forgetting information, sometimes it gets blocked and gets in the way. "Its on the tip of my tongue"
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Sensory Memory
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The immediate, very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system.
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Short term memory
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Working memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the 7 digits of a phone number, before info is stored or forgotten.
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Long term memory
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Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills and experiences.
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Working memory
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Newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory/visual info. Also of info retrieved from LTM.
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How do we create memories?
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Hippocampus receives info from sensory cortex.
Processes info, then links together memories from other parts of brain.
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Hippocampus
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Storing unit, hippocampus transfers info into cortex. Short term storage. STM to LTM
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Types of Encoding
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Automatic
Effortful
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Automatic Processing
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Without concious effort
space
time
frequency
well learned info
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Effortful Processing
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Effort and Attention
Amount remembered depends on the time spent learning
Overlearning increases recall
Rehearsal
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Spacing Effect
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Learn better (better over long term) when rehearsal is distributed over time
Massed Practice-Cramming
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Testing Effect
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Repeated Quizzes increases retention
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Serial Position Effect
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You remember first and last item.
Recency: most recent experienced (last)
Primacy: first experienced one (first)
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Levels of Processing
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Visual Encoding (Pictures)
Acoustic Encoding (sound of word, event)
Semantic Encoding (Word meaning)
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Visual Encoding
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Imagery (mental pictures, procedural memory)
Mnemonics (memory aids, uses vivid imagery and organizational devices)
Organizing Info (Chunking-organizing info into familiar units)
Hierarchies (Broad concepts divided into narrower concepts)
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Psych terms for taking in info , retaining it and later getting it back out are....
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encoding, storage and retrieval
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Short term memory is a memory stage where info is held before it is store or forgotten. The newer concept of working memory...
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Clarifies the idea of short term memory by focusing on the active processing that occurs in this stage.
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Types of Storage
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Iconic Memory
Echoic Memory
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Iconic Memory
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Images. Momentary (few tenths of second) sensory memory of visual stimuli.
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Echoic Memory
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Hearing. Momentary (3-4 seconds) sensory memory for auditory stimuli
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Synaptic Changes
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Memory can be strengthened, more neural transmitters firing allows better LTP
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Long Term Potentiation (LTP)
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increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
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Flashbulb Memories
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clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
Example: 9/11
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Implicit Memory
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Retention independent of conscious recollection (also nondeclarative memory)
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Explicit Memory
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Memory of facts and experiences that one can concsiously know and "declare". (Also declarative memory)
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Recall
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measure of memory in which the peson must retrieve info learned earlier, fill in the blanks.
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Recognition
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Measue of memory where the person much identify items previously learned, multiple choice test.
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Relearning
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measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.
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Parts of brain associated with memory
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Temporal lobe
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Cerebellum
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Temporal Lobe
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Episodic memories, storage of past events (declarative memories)
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Amygdala
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creation of emotional memories. Communicates with thalamus. Allows our emotional states to influence our learning.
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Cerebellum
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Key role in forming and storing implicit memories created by classical conditioning. All the behavioral things done automatically.
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Construction of memories
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You interpret past info on present so it is a process of reinterpretation and change.
Misinformation
Imagination
Source Amnesia
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Misinformation
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misleading info into memory of an event
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Imagination
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if you imagine an event, it becomes incorporated into your memory as if it really happened.
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Source Amnesia
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Attributing to the wrong source an even we have experienced, heard about or imagined (source misattribution)
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Interference
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Proactive (prior info disrupts retrieval of new info)
Retroactive (new learning disrupts retrieval or old info)
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Repression
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Motivated forgetting. Psychoanalytic theory. Defense mechanism that eliminate anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings and memories from consciousness.
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Serial position effect
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remember the first and last thing, but not the info in the middle.
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Priming
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activation, unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.
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PSY 101: CHAPTER 5 TERMS