PSYC 3830: EXAM 1
88 Cards in this Set
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DSM 5
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
-says that mental disorders are due to a medical condition
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syndrome
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a group or repetition of problems that doesn't exist by itself
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clinically significant
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bad enough to get treatment
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disturbance
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something that's not normal and seen as bad
-only in individuals
-in cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior
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cognition
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way of seeing the world
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emotional regulation
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how they feel about the world
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dysfunction
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underlying mental function
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significant distress or disability
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-are they really upset about it?
-is it keeping them from doing something they really want to do?
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disability
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social, occupational, or other important areas
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What is NOT a mental disorder?
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-an expectable or culturally approved response to a stressor or loss
-Not socially deviant behavior
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Consilience
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an idea that everything can be studied and understood, and can have some sort of analysis
-affects mental health
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Levels of consilience (Biopsychosocial model)
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molecular/atomic, neuron, organ, individual, relationships, cultural, historical
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Psychologists (PhD/PsyD) study at the _______ level
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individual
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Pill pushers (MD/RNs) study at the _________ level
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molecular/atomic level to the organ level
-use the NIMH
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Social workers (MSW and pastoral counseling) study at the ________ level
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relationship level to the historical level
-use the DSM
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NIMH
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National Institute for Mental Health
-shapes our mental health policies
-sees mental disorders as very clearly a dysfunction in the individual
-fits with the consilience model
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What levels does the NIMH look at?
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molecules, genes, cells, brain circuits, general physiology, behavior, and self report
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malingering
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faking having a problem
-not a mental disorder
-usually for clear external gain
-not very common
-many people refuse treatment because they don't want to be accused of having this problem
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2 important features of malingering
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-person fakes symptoms
-presume they are doing it on purpose, for external gain
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cultural identity
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How does the person describe themselves?
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cultural conceptions of distress
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Within that culture, how is that distress expressed?
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stressors
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present in one's culture and not in another
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Negative Valence System
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potential harm and anxiety, responses under stress or threat, the loss of something important
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Positive Valence System
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motivation, value of reward, and responses to rewards
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Cognitive System
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attention, perspective, memory, etc.
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Social Processes
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reception and production of communication (facial and non-facial)
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Arousal Regulatory System
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problems with arousal - sleeping and other rhythms
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DSM (1952) facts
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-very first edition
-published by the American Psychiatric Association
-associated with MD's and psychiatrists
-predominant theory = psychoanalytic theory (1950s)
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Phobic reaction (DSM 1952 definition)
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happened when the anxiety of the patients was displaced to some symbolic idea or situation
-attempts to control anxiety by avoiding the situation
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Specific phobia
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marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation
-Ex: fear and anxiety of snakes
-almost always produces immediate fear or anxiety and the phobia situation is avoided or endured with intense fear/anxiety
-fear is out of proportion to reality and is persistent (6+ months)
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Types of phobias
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-Animals (usually relatively harmless ones)
-Natural environment (heights, storms, water)
-Blood injection injury (they faint at the sight of blood or needles, so they have to tense up in order to not faint)
-Situational (airplanes, elevators, enclosed places)
-Others (costumed chara…
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LOTS assessment of phobias
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Life data
-employed? home? occupation? married?
-used to determine a person's level of functioning and compare it to their previous level of functioning
Observational data
-expert vs. informant observation
Test data
-data is gathered in a very systematic way and is consistently …
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expert observation
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clinician's observation of the person
-important to know whether the person's speech is impaired, whether thy have unusual ideas or not, or if their self-care is impacted
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informant observation
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loved one may come in with the patient and describe the situation to the clinician - particularly important for children
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structured interviews
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given and allow for comparison amongst everyone who has taken the test
-advantage --> focused, comprehensive, consistent
-disadvantage --> feels forced
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unstructured interviews
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-advantage --> strengthens relationship with therapist, like a natural conversation
-disadvantage --> less consistent
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exposure therapy
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person experiences their fear/anxiety until it declines
-fear/anxiety level increases immediately, increasing the longer they stay there, and then decreases
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Trauma and Stressor related disorders
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the only group that has a clear-cut, identifiable cause
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Adjustment Disorder
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stressor is an identifiable stressor that the client is aware of and the therapist agrees is stressful
-marked distress that is out of proportion to the stressor OR significant impairment
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Subtypes of adjustment disorder symptoms
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-depressed mood
-anxiety
-mix of depression and anxiety
-disturbance of conduct
-mixed disturbance of emotions AND conduct
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Reactive Attachment Disorder and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder FACTS
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-diagnosed in children (9 months- 5 years)
-the individual has patterns of extremes of insufficient care
-social neglect/deprivation, repeated changes in primary caregivers, rearing in unusual settings with limited attachments (caregivers aren't around enough to be attached to)
-not d…
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Reactive Attachment Disorder symptoms
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-inhibited emotionally withdrawal with adult caregivers
-social and emotional disturbance (minimal social/emotional response, sad or unhappy around caregivers)
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Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder symptoms
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-actively approaches and interacts with unfamiliar adults
-acts as if very attached to everyone
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Acute Stress Disorder and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder FACTS
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-stressor= exposure to actual/threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation
-can happen by the person directly experiencing the event, witnessing it in person happening to others, the person learned of the event happening to a close family member/friend, OR the person had repeate…
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Acute Stress Disorder Symptoms
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-disturbance is 3 days - 1 month after the trauma
-intrusion symptoms
-negative mood
-dissociative symptoms (can't recall something about the event and has an altered sense of reality)
-avoidance symptoms (avoid distressed thoughts/feelings about the event and people associated with i…
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intrusion symptoms
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-keeps remembering the event when they don't want to remember it
-have reoccurring dreams of the situation
-dissociative reactions (flashbacks): still feel like it's going on, see/small things that reming them of it, "flip out" if reminded by it
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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms
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-symptoms persist for more than 1 month after the trauma
-intrusion symptoms
-negative alterations in cognition and mood (inability to remember some events of the trauma, feelings of detachment)
-persistent avoidance of stimuli (avoid external reminders of the event, or thoughts/feeli…
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Delayed Expression of PTSD
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sometimes years or decades after the trauma
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Social Anxiety Disorder
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-marked fear/anxiety in about 1 or more social situations, in which individuals are exposed to possible scrutiny by others (social phobia)
-fear of acting in a way or showing their anxiety symptoms that will cause them to be negatively evaluated by others
-social situations will almost …
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Panic Disorder
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-the individual has recurrent, unexpected panic attacks
-have to happen more than a couple of times
-have to be followed by 1 month+ of persistent worry over having another panic attack (frequently triggers the other attack) OR a significant maladaptive change in behavior related to hav…
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Panic attack
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-abrupt surge of intense fear or intense discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes
-symptoms= the symptoms you have when you're afraid (palpitations, accelerated heart rate, sweating, nausea, chills, etc.)
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Agoraphobia
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diagnosed when the person has a marked fear or anxiety of 2+ of the following situations:
-using public transportation/cars
-being in open spaces
-being in enclosed spaces (shops, theaters, or cinemas)
-standing in line or being in a crowd
-being outside of the home alone
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Causes of Agoraphobia
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-think that the thought of escape seems difficult/impossible OR they think that help isn't available
-require a companion (everything is okay if they are with this person)
-out of proportion with the actual danger, lasts 6+ months, causing clinically significant distress/impairment
-c…
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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-person has excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation-actively thinking about the worst case scenario)
-6+ months of a number of events/activities causing worry
-individual finds it hard to control the worry
-have to have 3+ symptoms of: restlessness or on the edge, easily…
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Separation Anxiety Disorder
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-usually diagnosed in children
-the person has developmentally and inappropriate/excessive fear of being separated from loved ones
-persistent fear of losing a loved one, worry of experiencing an event that causes separation, fear of being home alone/ sleep alone without loved one, rep…
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Selective Mutism
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-usually diagnosed in children
-the person has consistent failure to speak in a place where they are supposed to speak
-interferes with occupational/educational achievement
-1+ month
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OCD
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-diagnosed when the person has obsessions, compulsions, or both
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Obsessions
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-recurrent or persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are intrusive and unwanted and in most people, cause marked anxiety or distress
-looks like worry, but very repetitive
-the person tried to ignore, suppress, or neutralize the thoughts
-make the person feel bad (like it's happen…
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Compulsions
-the person has repetitive behaviors or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform in a response to an obsession, very repeatedly/rigidly
-things the person does that temporarily makes them feel better
-aimed at the obsessive thoughts and helping others, but n…
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-the person has repetitive behaviors or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform in a response to an obsession, very repeatedly/rigidly
-things the person does that temporarily makes them feel better
-aimed at the obsessive thoughts and helping others, but not realistic
-Ex…
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Treatment for OCD
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Exposure and Response Prevention
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Hoarding Disorder
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-persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their value (they'll keep worthless stuff)
-perceived need to save the items; distress associated with discarding them
-leads to extreme clutter
-causes distress to others living with/around them, and impairs…
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Body Dysmorphic Disorder
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-person has a preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws in their physical appearance
-engage in repetitive behaviors to try to camouflage or hide the flaw (mental acts in response to the concern)
-causes clinically significant distress or impairment
-Ex: nose being too …
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Trichotillomania
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-recurrently pulls out their own hair
-results in hair loss
-usually have repeated attempts to decrease or stop the hair pulling
-not due to some other condition and causes significant distress/impairment
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Excoriation
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-repeated skin picking, resulting in lesions
-have repeated attempts to stop
-not due to some other condition and causes significant distress/impairment
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Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders all...
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-person engages in some kind of behavior that makes them unhappy and they are unable to stop
-person gets relief for a little bit by doing things that will cause problems eventually
-biggest problem = have to get them to stop checking on the thing that's bothering them
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Depressive Disorders
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disorders in which the person has a persistently low mood, lack of interest in pleasure, or, in some cases, anger and acting out
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Major Depressive Disorder
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-2 weeks+ of a depressed mood (say they feel sad, hopeless, empty, or have these observed by others)
-and/or a markedly diminished interest in pleasure in all or almost all activities (not interested in doing anything that was fun to them in the past)
-EX: loving football, but not cari…
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Nearly everyday symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder
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-significant weight change
-insomnia/hypersomnia
-psychomotor agitation (feel restless)/ retardation (feel slowed down)
-may feel worthless or have inappropriate guilt
-thinking/ concentration /decisiveness problems
-recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
-have 5+ of these symptoms …
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manic or hypomanic episode (in MDD)
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Major Depressive Disorder requires that the person has never had this kind of episode
-treating MDD with anti-depressants could put them back into this episode
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Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
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-2+ years of a depressed mood
-never feels better for more than 2 months at a time
-requires that the person has NEVER had a manic or hypomanic episode
-symptoms: poor appetite/overeating, insomnia/hypersomnia, low energy/fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration, trouble making dec…
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Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
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depressive symptoms in a woman about to start her menstrual period
-emotional symptoms that seem like depression
-symptoms: changes in appetite, insomnia/hypersomnia, low energy/fatigue, poor concentration, emotional problems
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Disruptive Mood Disregulation Disorder
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-severe recurrent temper outbursts that are inconsistent with developmental levels, happen 3 times a week
-usually in children
-mood= persistent irritability/anger
-happens in lots of different places (can't be diagnosed if it only happens in one setting)
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All of the depressive disorders can be diagnosed with...
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-anxious distress
-mixed features (symptoms of mania - happy and then grumpy/unhappy)
-melancholic features (loss of pleasure)
-mood reactivity (can be cheered up with certain activities, but then sleep back down into an unhappy mood)
-psychotic features (broken with reality; usually…
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peripartum onset depression
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depression that women that have just given birth sometimes have
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Manic episodes
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-person has a distinct period of abnormally and persistent uplifting mood
-has to last 1+ week
-have to be hospitalized for it (to prevent harm)
-EX: Person trying to break into the library because he thought he solved a theory of physics and he was upset when the police stopped him. …
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Manic episode symptoms
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-inflated self esteem or grandiosity (think they're the president or something)
-decreased need for sleep (fine on 4 hours of sleep)
-talk a lot
-racing thoughts
-distractible
-increase in goal-directed activity
-excessive involvement in risk (activities that have a high potential …
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Hypomanic episodes
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-not as severe as manic episodes
-same symptoms as manic episodes
-lasts at least 4 days
-person is NOT impaired, doesn't have to be hospitalized, and isn't psychotic (not a diagnosis by itself)
-EX: feels amazing, even after only a couple hours of sleep, helped to give lots of new, …
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Scale of depressive disorders
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manic episode (incredibly happy) --> hypomanic episode --> regular mood --> dysthymia --> major depressive episode (incredibly sad)
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Bipolar 1 Disorder
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-experience 1+ full manic episodes
-can be depressed, but it doesn't matter
-have to be hospitalized
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Bipolar 2 Disorder
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-person has 1+ hypomanic episodes AND at least 1 major depressive episode
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Cyclothymic Disorder
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-the person has hypomanic episodes AND dysthymic episodes, but never experiences manic or major depressive episodes
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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
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-formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder)
-have 2+ distinct personality states
-discontinuity of self and sense of agency (person doesn't feel like they are purposefully doing it to be adaptive
-person is different in various states
-gaps in memory (because the other personal…
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Dissociative Amnesia
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-inability to recall important personal information (forget who they are, where they came from, whether or not anything bad happened to them, if they're married, etc.)
-usually localized for a specific event (something happened that they don't want to remember)
-person has forgotten th…
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Depersonalization/ Derealization Disorder
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-person has depersonalization (feel like you aren't there or are altered in some sort of way) and/or derealization (sense of detachment with their surroundings - foggy, distorted reality)
-experiencing distress or impairment
-better explained by symptoms of PTSD
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Somatic Symptom Disorder
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-person appears to have a physical problem, but it's really due to a psychological issue
-excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors associated with the symptoms
-disproportionate and persistent thoughts about the seriousness of the symptoms (Ex: a headache that might make them die)
-…
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Illness Anxiety Disorder
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-associated with hypochondriacs
-preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness
-Ex: instead of a stomach ache, they believe they have a bleeding stomach ulcer
-somatic symptoms are mild (if any) and related
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Conversion Disorder
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-1+ symptoms of altered voluntary or motor function of sensory
-not what you'd expect to happen (not medically correct)
-symptoms aren't better explained by something else, and are clinically significant and cause impairment
-Ex: rock star Mr. Loaf - his problems were convenient for h…
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Factitious Disorder
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-the person IS intentionally creating the symptoms
-falsification of symptoms of physical or mental symptoms with DECEPTION
-no external reward present
-like attention seeking disorder
-can be imposed on self (likely to be physical or psychological) or on another (usually a dependent…
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PSYC 3830: Study Guide