PSYC 3830: Study Guide
81 Cards in this Set
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Childhood Psychopathology in DSM-1
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childhood schizophrenia & adjustment reaction of childhood
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Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
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1997, federal law assuring free appropriate public education for all children with disabilities in US: 1. individualized programs, 2. least restrictive environment, 3. parental involvement
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Prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents
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1:5 have a diagnosable disorder but 1:10 suffer more significant function impairment
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Neurodevelopmental disorders
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New category in DSM-5
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Anxiety in children
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Same criteria as an adult
More common in girls
If continues on into adulthood it's more long-lasting and resistant to change
Caused by genetic component--> behavioral inhibition (temperamental style) more likely to develop into anxiety disorder
Factors: environmental like early illne…
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Separation Anxiety Disorder
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Onset in adulthood but normally in elementary school children
Experience excessive anxiety with an individual they are attached to
More common in girls and in close-kint families
Must last for 4 weeks in a child and 6 months for an adult
*infants is normal
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School Phobia
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children with average IQs and do well in school but have anxiety from leaving home and the parents NOT A FEAR OF SCHOOL
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Depression in Children
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Period of the blues
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Full-blown case of depression (3)
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1. Major depressive disorder
2. Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)--> 1 year to diagnose& not as serve has Major depressive disorder (15-20% of children will have an episode by 20)
3. Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder--> occur before the age of 10, chronic and severe with t…
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Disorders Associated with Defiance and Aggression
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Defiant and aggressive misbehavior that is an outward expression of emotional disturbance
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder
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younger children
behavioral disorder in which children evidence hostile and defiant behavior primarily toward their parents
Symptoms: onset is gradual, loss of temper, arguing refusal of requests, anger, resentfulness, and deliberate annoyance
*spontaneously remit or can change into a…
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Conduct Disorder
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1. More serious
2. A behavioral disorder in which adolescents violate social norms and the rights of others.
3. Usually emerges in middle childhood through middle adolescence (later than ODD)
4. The nature of their behavior is more severe
5. Not restricted to the home environment, mo…
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Juvenile Delinquency
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1. A legal construct→ an individual who is involved in illegal behavior
2. Illegal behavior by a minor (typically under the age of 18) including behavior that would be considered criminal in an adult
3. Conduct disorder is a DSM defined psychological disorder while Juvenile Delinquency …
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
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pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others diagnosed in individuals who are at least 18 years old
• Involves pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others
• Includes irritability, aggressiveness, stealing and harassing of others, deceitfu…
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Causes of ODD and CD
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Family- ineffective parenting style, if parents have some disorder of their own (ODD)
Peer- getting involved with the wrong group of kids
Social- relationship between low socioeconomic status and increase in ODD/CD
Genetics
Treatment- family therapy, some parents need to be taught how…
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Normal Sleeping Patterns in Children
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sleep fairly deeply through the night, not going to sleep walk or have terrors, until the age of 5 children can generally benefit from a rest period or nap, they develop very elaborate bedtime routines
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Transitional Object
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a thing used by a child to ease his anxiety about separation from his parents (very normal)
o Children who have transitional objects at age 4 are very outgoing and more self-confident at the age of 11
o At age 16 they are better adjusted if they had a transitional object
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Sleep Disorders in Children
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• Across the life span, research has shown that we need less and less sleep
o New babies sleep about 18 hours a day, at about 3 months of age, they start to sleep through the night (about 6 hours)
o At 6 months, they are spending more than half of there sleep time at night
o A child …
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Parasomina
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characterized by abnormal events (like a night terror) that occurs during sleep or a particular stage of sleep
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Dreams
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happen in REM sleep and we know this due to the different brain-waves in studies ALSO REM sleep occur in the 2nd half of sleep/ lighter part of the night instead of really deep sleep
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Nightmares
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frightening dreams that typically occurs during REM sleep (the latter part of the night and early morning hours)
• In order to remember your dream, you have to wake up and think about it, so everyone has the potential to remember dreams
• Reoccurring
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Night terror
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abrupt awakening from sleep, usually beginning with a panicky scream or cry, that typically begins during the first third of sleep (during stage 4) and lasts about 10 minutes
• They do not remember the night terror, no clue what frightened them so much
• Recurring night terrors that c…
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Sleepwalking (somnambulism)
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individual rises from bed usually during the first third of sleep (during stage 4) and lasting only a few minutes, typically very uneventful
• Try and get them back into bed, wake them carefully and gently
• Somewhere between 10 and 30% of children will have an episode of sleepwalking …
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Enuresis
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o Primary enuresis- diagnosed at the age of 5 in a child who has never established urinary continence (continence- you don't wet your bed/pants)
o Secondary enuresis- diagnosed in a child after a period of established urinary continence (ex a child gets a sibling and started wetting his …
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Bell and Pad Method
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Mowuer & Mowuer technique used in the treatment of enuresis that is based on learning theory, when the child wets the bed, the sheet triggers an alarm which wakes them up and forces them to go to the bathroom, about an 80% success rate *recognize the signals→ it is a learning-based techni…
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Neurodevelopmental Disorder
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brand new category is the DSM-5
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Intellectual Disability or IDD
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deficits in mental abilities/intellectual functioning (IQ score below 70, about 2.5% by Wechsler IQ score), impairment in adaptive functioning for the individual's age and sociocultural background, all symptoms must have an onset during the developmental period (prior to age 18)
o Typic…
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Tay-Sachs Disease
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inherited degenerative disease of the central nervous system, more common in Eastern Europeans and Jews, can now screen for this particular disorder→ recessive genes: normally more serious
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Down Syndrome
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most common chromosomal disorder, usually caused by an extra 21st chromosome (3), characterized by mental retardation ranging from mild to severe
• Children with down syndrome can benefit from a school environment, can learn a language and functional skills, have the potential to be abl…
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Prenatal and pregnancy problems
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includes fetal malnutrition, prenatal damage due to toxins, and prematurity
• General medical conditions acquired in infancy/childhood- includes infections, traumas, and poisoning (e.g. due to lead)
• Environmental influences- includes deprivation of nurturance and social, linguistic, …
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Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
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most common cause of IDD (intellectual disability) and leading preventable cause of birth defects in the US
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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associated with maternal alcohol intake during pregnancy, low birth weight and retarded growth, facial and bodily malformations, IDD (not currently in the DSM)
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Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
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varying degrees of physical and cognitive defects caused by maternal alcohol intake during pregnancy
o Fetal alcohol effects are mild, fetal alcohol syndrome is severe
• Children born to mothers who drink during pregnancy tend to have learning disorders and ADHD
• 1 out of 100 babies b…
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Rehabilitative Classes
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specialized workshops to learn functional skills and tasks that could be used in a job
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Community Programs
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ClemsonLIFE program is a community-based program offered at Clemson for college-aged mentally handicapped individuals
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Institutionalizing
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last resort and only for those individuals who have a really significant degree of impairment
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Specific Learning Disorder
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diagnosed when the individual's achievement on individually administered standardized tests in reading, math, and written expression is substantially below that expected for their level of intelligence as measured on an individually administered aptitude test (Wexler tests)
o 5-15% o…
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Reading Disorder
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poor reading accuracy, slow reading speed, poor reading comprehension
• We know the most about reading disorders
• Age of onset is beginning of 1st grade
• More apparent earlier on than the other disorders
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Mathematics Disorder
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difficulty counting, difficulty comparing numbers, difficulty calculating, difficulty remembering basic arithmetic facts
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Disorder of Written Expression
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grammatical or punctuation errors within sentences, poor paragraph organizations, multiple spelling errors, excessively poor handwriting
• We know least about writing disorders
5-15% of children in the US have some kind of learning disorder
More common for boys than girls
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Associated Features of Learning Disorders
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Average or above average IQ, normal vision and hearing, large families, lower socioeconomic groups
1. They process the world in a different way than everyone else
2. Impacts self esteem, difficulty developing social skills, disruptive in class
3. Drop out rate is 40%
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Treatment
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Children do not outgrow learning disorders but can learn to cope with them
Examples of people who coped with their learning disorders 1. Winston Churchill 2.Woodrow Wilson 3. Nelson Rockefeller 4. General George Patton 5. Thomas Edison
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Causes of learning disorders
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1. Genetic predisposition
2. Prenatal injury
3. General medical conditions
4. Impoverished environment
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ADHD
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Symptoms have to persist for at least 6 months to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level
1. 6 symptoms of inattention or hyperactivity
2. Some of the symptoms have to be present before the age of 12
3. ADD is no longer a disorder, neither is hyperactiv…
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Causes of ADHD
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1. Genetic component
2. Structural brain abnormality
3. Prenatal factors
4. Birth complications
5. Postnatal complications
*SUGAR DOES NOT CAUSE ADHD, it can increase their symptoms
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Treatment
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Ritalin but an issue with overmedicating using stimulants
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Autism Spectrum Disorder
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*includes Autism and Asperger's and other PDD conditions-> classified as a Neurodevelopmental Disorder
•Deficit in the ability to communicate nonverbally (very little eye contact, don't use facial expressions or body language)
•Deficit in developing relationships with others (difficulty…
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Theory of Mind
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understanding that other people have desires, beliefs, intentions, and emotions that may be different from one's own
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Echolalia
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parrot-like repetition of a few words
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Idiosyncratic Language
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Pronoun Reversal- language abnormality common in the speech of children with autism whereby they refer to themselves as "he", "she", or "you"
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Specifiers
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With/without accompanying intellectual impairment (score poorly on IQ tests, do better on the performance tasks, visual, spatial things)
With/without accompanying language impairment- lots of variability
*Individuals who used to be diagnosed with Asperger's, now part of the spectrum, …
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Onset of Autism
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12-24 months and symptoms manifest & seemingly on the increase with 1% of the population experiences some degree of autism
*more common in males
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Savant syndrome
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condition whereby individuals with a developmental disorder demonstrate exceptional, isolated, cognitive abilities (someone with ASD could have an exceptional ability) *about 10%
*Savant skills- special ability in music, art, calendar calculating, mathematics, mechanical skills, spati…
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Treatment?
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Not a cure at this point! BEHAVIOR THERAPY
4 factors- degree of impairment, social interact, intellectual, specifiers
*If you have mild deficits, your prognosis is better
*If you have one of the specifiers, your prognosis is not as good
*Those at the higher end of the spectrum have …
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Causes
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strong genetic component
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Feeding and Eating Disorders
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becoming more and more prevalent in the US, more prevalent in children and adolescents (does not include obesity)
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Anorexia Nervosa
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literally means lack of appetite induced by nervousness, in actuality it involves an extremely thin individual who is intensely afraid of gaining weight
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Onset and Prevalence Rate
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*Age on onset is mid to late adolescence (14 to 18 years of age, 17 is average age of onset), can range from prepubescent to early 30s
*Prevalence rate of 1%, 1 out of every 250 females, most typically impacts women (90% of individuals with the disorder are females)
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Criteria
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(3 criteria out of the 4 creiteria)
•Refusal to maintain body weight at or above minimally normal weight for age and height
•Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat
•Disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or shape is experienced (very thin but think that they are fat…
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Amenorrhea
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have missed 3 consecutive menstrual periods (4th diagnostic criteria in the DSM-4, removed since obviously a guy cannot fill this criteria)
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Compensatory behaviors
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•Purging- self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas
•Nonpurging (restricting) behavior- fasting, excessive exercise
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Restricting type
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during the current episode of anorexia nervosa, the person has not recently engaged in binge-eating or purging behavior
• Prevents weight gain by fasting and/or exercising excessively
• Avoids eating with their friends and family, they eat very slowly and cut their food up into small p…
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Binge-eating/purging type
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the person has regularly engaged in binge-eating or purging behaviors
•Prevents weight gain by purging (often preceded by binging)
•This is the most common type of anorexia
•Self induced vomiting is the most common binge-eating/purging type
•Binge- out of control eating of large amou…
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Associated Features of Anorexia Nervosa
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•Preoccupation with food (they want other people to eat the food, they want to prepare it for others, watch food shows, read cook books)
•Depressive symptoms (sad, to socially withdraw, irritable, difficulty sleeping)
•High co-morbidity with obsessive compulsive symptoms
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Prognosis
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highly variable→ sometimes the person gets treatment and never has another episode, other times they have another episode because of some kind of psychosocial factor, it waxes and wanes
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Deteriorating course
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continue to get worse and worse and worse, until it is so severe they have to be hospitalized
• Of individuals admitted to university hospitals, long-term mortality is 10%
• Death most commonly results from starvation and suicide *depression normally accompanies an eating disorder espe…
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Causes of Anorexia Nervosa
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there are biological, psychological, and social factors that all interact and contribute to this eating disorder
•Biological factors:
1.Structural- disturbance of hypothalamus
2. Biochemical- deficiency of neurotransmitter
3. Genetic- increased risk among relatives, high concordance …
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Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa
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Obstacles- do not acknowledge their problem, reluctant to seek treatment, high dropout rate from treatment
•No medication that can treat anorexia nervosa
•In serious cases the individual is hospitalized, family therapy is the treatment of choice though, especially with adolescents
•Th…
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Bulimia Nervosa
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introduced about 25 years ago, means that the individual is so hungry they can eat an ox
oTends to begin a little bit later than anorexia, 20-24 years old
oMore prevalent than anorexia (1-1.5% of all women)
oSeems to be increasing in frequency, large majority are females (90%)
oReoccu…
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Bulimia Nervosa Treatment
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antidepressants, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the treatment of choice
•Modifying distorted beliefs about weight and food
•Increasing self-esteem
•Normalizing eating patterns
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Neurocognitive Disorders
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•All of the neurocognitive disorders share similar symptoms but are differentiated based on their etiology
•Cognitive deficits must represent a significant decline from previous level of functioning
•Neurocognitive Disorders were previously referred to as Dementia in earlier editions …
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Aphasia (cognitive deficits)
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deterioration of language function oftentimes manifested by difficulty producing the names of individuals and objects
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Apraxia (cognitive deficits)
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impaired ability to execute motor activities despite intact motor abilities, sensory function, and comprehension of the required task
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Agnosia (cognitive deficits)
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failure to recognize or identify objects or people despite intact sensory function
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disturbances in executive function (cognitive deficits)
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involves the inability to think abstractly and to plan, initiate, sequence, monitor, and stop complex behavior
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Causes of Neurocognitive Disorders
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use of a substance or a medical condition like Alzheimer's, Huntington's, or Parkinson's, or a combination of both
*Alzheimers is the most common cause at 2/3
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Prevalence of Neurocognitive Disorders
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individuals who are over 85 year of age. The prevalence increases with age. Very uncommon in childhood and adolescence but it is possible.
• Most neurocognitive disorders develop slowly and gradually.
• Prior to the DSM-4, we thought that the disorder was chronic, but now we know that …
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Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder due to Alzheimer's disease
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• Irreversible and degenerative brain disease that causes the vast majority of neurocognitive disorders
• We consider Alzheimer's disease with early onset (which begins at or before 65 years= 1%) as well as Alzheimer's disease with late onset (which begins after 65 years). At 85+ years …
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Symptoms of Alzheimers
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*At onset- deficit in memory (inability to recall recent events is the first thing to go, inability to learn new information)
*Progressive symptoms- confusion, disorientation, restlessness, agitation, irritability
*Final stage symptoms- bedridden, inability to understand or use language…
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Causes of Alzheimers
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strong genetic component due to a high concordance rate between monozygotic twins but not 100% concordance which means it is more than just genetics, there has to be some environmental factors
*risk factors: obesity, physical inactivity, depression, type II diabetes
•Very hard to diag…
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Treatment for Alzheimers?
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Not cure but FDA approved drugs to slow down symptoms
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PSYC 3830: Study Guide