PSYC 3830 STUDY GUIDE EXAM 1 Chapter 1 What are the elements of abnormality and how are they used to classify abnormal behavior Suffering psychological pain or distress o not all the time like a manic high in bipolar disorder o can have suffering like losing a loved one without having a disorder Maladaptiveness interfering with your life or others lives like anorexia leads to starvation Deviancy can be a god thing like being a genius o developmental psychopathology seeing if normal through aging can be normal at one age and act different at one age things can be normal at one age but not at other ages o hyperactive kid you may not notice during sports but will in a classroom depends on environment Violation of the standards of society not acting appropriately for situation Social discomfort is this person making others feel uncomfortable for others ex Flashing people Irrationality and unpredictability are they doing something unconventional like talking to someone that isn t there Dangerous most people with mental illness are not usually dangerous to other people Some things that used to be considered abnormal and a psychological disorder aren t anymore like homosexuality What is the DSM 5 definition of a mental disorder Has to be associated with distress or disability Has to do with biological psychological or developmental dysfunction in an individual Has to be clinically significant disturbance in behavior emotional regulation or cognitive function What are the advantages and disadvantages of a categorical classification system Advantage provide nomenclature that allows info structure Disadvantages o Loss of individual information lumping into one category o Stigma apply label to someone they carry that with them can cause more psychological problems society treats them differently due to shows like hoarders causing problems o Overlap between diagnostic categories symptom like trouble sleeping points towards many disorders o High comorbidity meet criteria for more than one disorder o Large amount of NOS diagnoses not otherwise specified happens a lot Categorical either have disorder or don t Dimensional will fall on a curve of disorder ex autism How do cultural factors affect what is considered abnormal Presentation of disorders found world wide Manifestations can be different from one culture to the next Asian people will describe body pains verses mental symptoms Certain forms of highly culture specific psychopathology Other factors influencing expression of abnormal behavior Gender women have more mood disorders and men have more substance abuse issues SES lower SES have more disorders can t afford care and cannot hold down job Age kids show symptoms better Know definitions of the following terms Culture bound disorders disorders only found in particular cultures Ex circumcision to enter puberty Epidemiology study of distribution of diseases disorders or health related behaviors in a given population Prevalence number of active cases in a population Incidence number of new cases in a given population Comorbidity two or more disorders in same person Etiology cause of a disease external validity can be generalized to other people or situations internal validity one variable caused the other all patients have same disorder in trial statistical significance whether treatment has decreased depression at all vs clinical significance did it decrease enough to go to class effect size association of two variables no association 0 effect size Cross sectional gathers information at one time from a lot of people ex ask everyone in class how much they drink Longitudinal or prospective studies gathers data on a subject for a particular period of time Ex ask students how much they drink for a year Correlation a lot of things are correlated in abnormal psychology than experimental studies because you can t randomly assign people to get traumatized or give them drugs its better to watch the people that already have these variables What sources of information do we use in clinical psychology research What are the pros and cons of each Source Case studies What it is Describing a certain person Pros Insight into new ideas Provide insight into unusual conditions Cons Information is bias writer chooses what information to include and what not to include Relevant only to person being described low generalizability Not good reporters of own problems May not be truthful Self Report Data Observational Approaches Complete questionnaires about themselves Write down observations about person Can measure a lot of things this way What are the advantages of employing correlational research designs Disadvantages No manipulations of variables Advantages o Generate questions for further research o May show causal relationships o Collect a lot more data o Apply to everyday life Disadvantages o Only uncovers a relationship o Doesn t show what variable caused the other What are the differences between correlational and experimental methods Correlational looking at data that already exists o Ex look at people that drank whole lives Experimental allow experimenter to control the variables o Ex give people alcohol and do test Ideally what types of samples should be used in research on mental illness Samples should be random Chapter 2 What were some early causal explanations and treatments for mental illness Chinese Egyptians Hebrews Greeks Abnormal behavior due to possession by good or evil spirits What were Hippocrates main contributions to the study of mental illness Disorders have natural causes blood bile and other bodily fluids would be off not gods or spirits He was the first to really classify disorders phrenitis mania Proposed dreams have to do with personality What were some views of mental illness in the Middle Ages Middle East scientific approach Witchcraft questioned Europe was plagued with mass madness and treatment included exorcism What were the conditions and purposes of the early asylums Prison or storage units Filthy conditions Cruel patient treatment What were some of the main changes brought about by the humanitarian reform movements What was the moral management movement France Pinel unchained people in the mental facilities put them in sunny rooms exercise kindness England Tuke Kindness sunny country house America Dix Rush treated patients better hygiene movement physical wellbeing as well as mental Moral management method of treatment that focuses on a patients social occupational and