ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY STUDY GUIDE EXAM 2 Chapter 5 Stress and Physical and Mental Health What is stress Stress external demands placed on an organism o Organism s internal biological and psychological responses to such demands Stress and DSM trauma and stressor related disorders o PTSD acute stress disorder adjustment disorder What are the factors that predispose a person to stress and stressor related disorders Young age Parental mental health problems Personality characteristics Poor social support Genotype Cumulative life stressors Perceptions of stressors Resilience optimism resources What are the characteristics of stressors that affect an individual s response to stress Severity Chronicity how long it lasts Timing Degree of impact how closely it affects our own lives Level of expectation how expected it is Controllability How does the body system respond when a stressor is perceived Sympathetic adrenomedullary system SAM Hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical HPA o Hypothalamus CRH anterior pituitary ACTH Adrenal cortex cortisol How do psychological factors affect the immune system Cardiovascular disease Immune system factors Cardiovascular system o Depression anger hostility anxiety alcoholism eating disorders PTSD o Hypertension coronary heart disease risk and causal factors Cardiovascular system factors o Chronic and acute stress personality traits type A type D depression anxiety lack of social support poor emotional regulation male Psychoneuroimmunology study of interaction between nervous and immune system What interventions are used for stress related physical and psychological disorders Hypertension CHD Biological Psychological o Surgical procedures o Lipid lowering medications o Aspirin or other anticoagulants o Antidepressant medication o Emotional disclosure o Biofeedback o Relaxation and meditation o Cognitive behavioral therapy What are the DSM 5 criteria for Adjustment Disorder Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Adjustment disorder maladaptive response to common stressor within three months of stressor o Symptoms disappear when stressor ends or person adapts PTSD exposure to actual or threatened death serious injury or sexual violence o Re experiencing intrusion avoidance negative cognitions and mood hyper arousal Definitions Stress external demands placed on an organism Psychoneuroimmunology study of interaction between nervous and immune system Cytokines small protein molecules that enable the brain and immune system to communicate with one another Sympathetic adrenomedullary system fight or flight response Hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical system releases stress hormone Type A and Type D personalities Type A competitiveness hostility urgency o Risk of heart disease Type D negative emotions insecure anxious o More coronary heart disease 60 90 of US population has experienced one traumatic event 7 12 of US population has PTSD highest rates sexual assault victims comorbid women are often sexually abused in army Risk Factors for PTSD Female gender Prior trauma Prior mental illness Substance use Family psychiatric history Peri traumatic fear dissociation Injury Poor social support Additional life stressors Appraisals of symptoms Genotype Minority Race Substance abuse may put you more at risk for having a traumatic event risky behavior Treatments for stress disorders Crisis Intervention Early Intervention Prolonged Exposure Therapy PE o Imaginal in vivo virtual reality Cognitive Processing Therapy CPT Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing EMDR Trauma Focused CBT for children Medications Videos Bonnie a first responder during 9 11 first responder saw people jumping saw a women s face on the ground also the sound when people hit the ground felt guilt would smell smoke in house when it wasn t there was seeing people in the backyard with guns intrusive memories avoiding people and city Chapter 6 Panic Anxiety Obsessions and Their Disorders Fear and anxiety response patterns fear or panic activation of fight or flight response But nothing that really caused flight fight response causes anxiety Which disorders are classified as Anxiety Disorders and which are classified as Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders Anxiety specific phobia social phobia panic disorder agoraphobia generalized anxiety disorder OCD Body dysmorphic disorder Hoarding Trichotillomania INSERT CHART Know such theories as comprehensive learning theory of panic disorder the more panic attacks you get the worse they will be The two process theory of avoidance learning for OCD 1st explain the development and maintenance of phobias o phobias develop as a result of a paired association between a neutral stimulus and feared stimulus 2nd explain why people felt so compelled to avoid anxiety provoking stimuli o avoidance becomes a reward and reinforces increases the behavior of avoidance Social anxiety disorder prevalence age of onset and gender differences Common mental disorder Lifetime prevalence 12 More common in women then men Many have comorbid disorders such as other anxiety disorders or depression Begin during adolescence Panic disorder Comorbidity with Other Disorders o 83 of people with panic disorder have at least one comorbid disorder o 50 70 will experience serious depression at some point in their lives Generalized anxiety disorder prevalence age of onset and gender differences lifetime prevalence 5 7 2x more common in women then men 60 80 report having been anxious nearly all of their lives OCD prevalence age of onset and gender differences lifetime prevalence 2 3 genders effected equally begins in adolescence Body dysmorphic disorder and relationship to OCD and other disorders share similar behaviors and causes as OCD share body image distortions with eating disorders What is anxiety Anxiety general feeling of apprehension about possible danger o Future oriented and diffuse o Cognitive subjective physiological and behavioral components What are the commonalities among anxiety disorders Basic biological causes o NT can cause disorder Basic psychological causes o Cognitive restructuring Effective treatments o Antianxiety medication What are some of the most common comorbid disorders for the anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorders Anxiety OCD o Panic disorder specific phobia PTSD o Mood and anxiety disorders depression Definitions Evolutionary preparedness Vicarious conditioning learning of various attitudes feelings beliefs and emotions not through direct