UNIT 1 ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGYAbnormality no universal definition, but a fair amount of agreement in identifying which conditions is considered disorders and which is not7 elements: but none are necessary or sufficient to define a condition as abnormal, the moreyou manifest, the more likely it would be abnormal Prototype model of abnormality—assesses the degree to which a given person resemblesthe 7 elements of abnormality. The more you manifest, the more likely you are to manifest an abnormal condition- Suffering—experience of pain- Maladaptiveness—interferes with overall wellbeing - Statistical deviancy—statistically rare conditions- Violation of the standards of society—When people don’t follow social conventions of your society - Social discomfort—making people around you uncomfortable- Irrationality and unpredictability—behavior that deviates from what we would normally expect behavior to be- Dangerousness—danger to themselves or others Classifying mental disordersAdvantages: nomenclature, structure info in a useful way, categorize which leads to better research Disadvantage: has the potential to negatively impact your self-esteem, stigma, and stereotypeDSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual): used in US, consistent with prototype model Published by APA (American Psychiatric Association) - Clinically significant psychological syndrome involving a disturbance in thought, emotions, and/or behavior- Associated with significant distress and/or disabilityo Disability involves impairment in one or more important areas of functioning, such as social, academic, or occupational- Not simply a predictable and culturally sanctioned response to a particular event- Considered to reflect a dysfunction in the individualo A mental disorder is always the product of a dysfunction, which resides in the individual, not in the groupEpidemiology—the study of the distribution of diseases, disorders, or health-related behaviors in a given population Prevalence: the number of active cases in a population during any given period of timePoint prevalence: the estimated proportion of actual, active cases of the disorder in agiven population at a given point in timeOne-year prevalence: count everyone who experienced depression at any point in time throughout the year (higher than point prevalence) Lifetime prevalence: people who have had a particular disease at any time in their livesPrevalence Number of cases that exist in a population over a given timeIncidence number of NEW cases that occur over a given period of time (usually 1 year) i.e., an onset of schizophrenia Comorbidity—presence of two or more disorders in the same person- Someone with a severe mental illness like schizophrenia is more likely to have additional diagnoses as compared to someone who has a very mild form of a disorderEtiology causes of disordersResearch: Case study—used to study all of many aspects of a single subject in an extensive, in depth manner. ADV: Allows us to study things that we might not be able to so easily study. DISADV: lacks generalizability.Naturalistic observation (field study)—used to study how people or animals behave in their natural environments with no attempt made to manipulate their behavior. ADV: can generalize to general population. DISADV: very little control over what it is you are going to observeLaboratory observation—used to study how people behave in the lab setting with no attempt made to manipulate their behavior. ADV: more controlDISADV: no way to determine cause and affect because were not manipulating anything.Survey—used to study the attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and intentions of people via questionnaires or interviews. ADV: can collect large info over short time for very cheap. DISADV: doesn’t always use a random sample, collecting self-report data (not really accurate, intentionally skewing the truth), ambiguous questions ambiguous answers Correlational study—used to see if 2 variables are related in some way (correlation coefficient “R”). Correlation≠causation.1. Continuous variable study most common kind of correlational study. Measured along a continuum. 2. Group comparison study study of relationship between peoples membership in a particular group and their score on something. Criterion group VS comparison group a. Criterion group—individuals with a specific disorder (gets a 1)b. Comparison group—control group (gets a 0)c. Continuous variable=measure of social deficitEpidemiological study—used to study the frequency and distribution of diseasesExperimental study—used to determine the nature of a causal relationship by manipulating a variable and observing the effects 1. Group experimental study hypothesis, IV (variable you manipulate) and DV (Variable you measure), experimental condition (manipulation or treatment of somekind) and control condition (similar to experimental condition, except that there is no manipulation or treatment), random assignment, statistical analysis 2. Single Case experimental study one individual is studied intensively before and after undergoing a manipulationa. Different than case study: in case study, there is no manipulationb. ABAB- kind of single case experimental design. Examines behavior on and offthe treatmenti. A: measure baseline—see how many times Joe pulls his hairii. B: introduce intervention—tie a weight to wrist and seeiii. A: withdraw intervention—remove weight from wristiv. B: reintroduce intervention—see if weight showed promiseEthics of Research 1. Right to informed consent2. Right to self-esteem—if they end on a failure, give an easy task to feel good3. Right to privacy and confidentialityExternal validity: the extent to which we can generalize our findings beyond the study itselfInternal validity: how confident we can be in the results of a particular given studyEffect size: reflects the size of the association between 2 variables independent of the sample size. An effect of 0 means there is no association between the variablesMeta-analysis: a statistical approach that calculates and then combines the effect sizes fromall of the studieso Experiments on animals are generally known as analogue studies, in which we study not the true item of interest but an approximation to itAugust 27, 2014Biological, Psychosocial, and Sociocultural Etiological FactorsBiological Theories of Mental disorders1. Structural theories—an individual has some kind of