PERSONALITY DISORDERSPersonality: one’s pattern of characteristic traits, coping styles, and ways of interacting with the social environment Personality Disorder: An enduring pattern of traits, coping styles, and ways of interacting that is so inflexible and maladaptive that the individual’s ability to function adaptively and in compliance with society’s norms is significantly impaired —Generally, they don’t think anything is wrong with them —Did not change from DSM 4 (formerly called character disorder)General Diagnostic Criteria for a Personality DisorderA. An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture. This pattern is manifested in two (or more) of the following areas:1) Cognition2) Affectivity3) Interpersonal functioning4) Impulse controlB. The enduring pattern is inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situationsC. The enduring pattern  significant distress or impairment in functioningD. The pattern is stable and of long duration, and its onset can be traced back at least to adolescence or early adulthoodCauses: know very little- Weren’t added until DSM 3—relatively new- Personality Disorders overlap—lot of comorbidity between them CLUSTER A: People with these disorders often seem odd or eccentric with unusual behavior ranging from distrust and suspiciousness to social detachment - Schizotypal (M > F) – dually coated- Schizoid (M > F) – impaired social relationships, loner- Paranoid (M > F) – suspicious, mistrustful of others Diagnostic Criteria for Paranoid Personality DisorderA pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following:- Suspects that others are exploiting, harming, or deceiving him or her- Is preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the trustworthiness of others- Is reluctant to confide in others because of unwarranted fears- Reads hidden demeaning / threatening meanings into benign remarks- Persistently bears grudges- Perceives attacks on his or her character and is quick to react angrily- Has recurrent suspicions regarding fidelity of significant other CLUSTER B: People with these disorders share a tendency to be eccentric, emotional, and erratic. - Histrionic (M = F)o AKA Hysterical personality disorder. Very dramatic about everything that involves them. Overly concerned with appearance, overreacts andover responds to everything. Constantly want attention.- Antisocial (M > F)o Dually coated—along with ODD and CD, and Personality Disorders. Violates norms of society. Not ethical or moral. Difficulty following rules. Deceitful, pathological liars. Manipulative of others, con artist. Conduct problems in childhood. Roughly equated with psychopathy orsociopathy. Lack remorse. Feel very entitled. - Borderline (F > M) – only one more common in females than in males o Very impulsive, do things without thinking. Get inappropriately angry a lot. Drastic mood shifts, get bored easily. Not uncommon to self-mutilate or hurt themselves. Received most attention in treatment. - Narcissistic (M > F)Diagnostic Criteria for Narcissistic Personality DisorderA pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following nine symptoms:- As a grandiose sense of self-importance- Is preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, or beauty- Believes that he or she is “special” and can only be understood by high-status people- Requires excessive admiration- Has a sense of entitlement- Is interpersonally exploitative- Lacks empathy- Is often envious of others or believes that others are envious of him or her- Shows arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes —A relatively rare disorder. CLUSTER C: People with these disorders demonstrate anxiety and fearfulness. - Avoidant (M = F)o Hypersensitive, take everything personally. Shy, introverted, insecure when interacting socially with others. Difficulty initiating andmaintaining a relationship. Similar to schizoid (but schizoid doesn’t want relationships, avoidant probably wants to if only they could make it happen)- Dependent (M = F)o Difficulty separating in relationships, uncomfortable being alone. Subordinate own needs in order to keep a relationship going. Indecisive. - Obsessive-Compulsive (M > F)o Difficulty relaxing, not very warmDiagnostic Criteria for Obsessive-Compulsive Personality DisorderA pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) or the following eight symptoms:- Preoccupied with details, rules, lists, or order- Shows perfectionism that interferes with task completion- Is excessively devoted to work to the exclusion of leisure activities- Is over conscientious and inflexible about matters of morality - Is unable to discard worthless objects- Is reluctant to delegate tasks or to work with others- Adopts a tightfisted/miserly spending styles toward both self and others- Shows rigidity and stubbornnessNOT THE SAME AS OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER. - OCD has true obsessions and compulsions, where OCPD does not. - An individual can have one or even have both of these disorders- Episodes can come and go in OCD, but it doesn’t go away in OCPDDifferential DiagnosisPersonality Disorder VS Clinical Disorder (or both)- OCPD VS OCD- Personality disorder—only diagnosis if the symptoms appeared by early adulthood. Also needs to be typical of the person’s long term functioning. Once the personality disorder sets in and gets established, it is typically not going to go away. Not just meeting criteria when they are experiencing an episode of a clinical disorder. - Clinical disorder—waxes and wanes. Distinguishing between 10 different personality disorders- Overlapping symptoms, high level of comorbidity- Criteria are not as clear-cut here as they are for clinical disorders- If you meet general but not specific diagnostic criteria, then you will get diagnosed with “Other Specified Personality Disorder” Personality Disorder VS Personality Trait- Obsessive-Compulsive