PSY 100:Final Exam
97 Cards in this Set
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Humanistic Method
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-Active Listing
-empathetic listening in which listener echoes, restates and clarifies.
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Behavior Therapies
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Self insight DOES NOT equal self change.
These therapies focus on classical conditioning techniques
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Exposure Therapies
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Behavioral techniques that treat anxieties by exposing people to things they fear and try to avoid.
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Progressive Relaxation
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A technique that involves consciously relaxing all the muscles in the body to create a tranquil state of calm.
Ex. Before going to bed.
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Aversive Conditioning
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A type of count-conditioning that associates an unpleasant state of unwanted behavior.
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Cognitive Theories
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Teaches people new, more adaptive news of thinking.
Based on the assumption that our thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.
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The Cycle of Depression
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1. Stressful experiences
2. Negative explanatory style
3. Depressed mood
4. Cognitive and behavioral changes
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Drug Therapy
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Psychopharmacology: The study of drug effects on the mind and body
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Anti-Anxiety Drugs
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Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation
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Benefits of Anti-Anxiety
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Very effective and relieving anxiety
Work quickly
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Criticisms of Antianxiety
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Treat the sympton, not the disease
Can be habit forming
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Brain Stimulation
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Electroconvulsive Therapy
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Psychosurgery; Lobotomies
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A procedure that cuts the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.
Pretty much becoming a veggie.
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Moral Dilemma of Placebos
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These work, but they require deception.
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Attribution Theory
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The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the individual's personality
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Dispositional Attributions
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Attributing behavior to enduring characteristics of an individual
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Situational Attributions
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Attributing behavior to external influences
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Fundamental attribution error
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People's tendency to overestimate the effect of enduring characteristics on other people's behavior, and to understand the effect of the situation.
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Attitudes and Actions
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Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose our reactions to objects, people and even events.
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Attitudes Contribute to what?
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Actions
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Central route persuasion
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Attitude change that is fact based and results in longer lasting change, but requires effort and motivation in the process.
ex. driving a hybrid, brushing teeth
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Peripheral route persuasion
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Attitude change that is more superficial, and results in short lived change, but requires little effort or motivation to process
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Meth
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this drug use has a high association with depression and suicide as well as serious heart disease, psychosis, anxiety, and violent behaviors.
Also very addicting
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Reefer Madness
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Propoganda used to dissuade audience from smoking weed, made it seem like weed was a crazy drug
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Actions affect what?
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Attitudes
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Cognitive Dissonance
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The feeling of discomfort that arises when holding two or more conflicting beliefs, or when their actions don't align with their beliefs
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Foot in the door Technique
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Tendency for people who agree to small action to comply later with a larger one.
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Self Perception Theory
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We look at how we behaved and then we reason about what our motives were.
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Social Influence
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Influence the presence of others has over our behavior.
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Conformity
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Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
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Reasons for conforming
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Normative social influence and informational social influence
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Normative Social Influence
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conforming to be liked
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Informational Social Influence
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conforming out of uncertainty
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Conditions that strengthen conformity
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People are made to feel incompetent or insecure.
The group has more then 3 people.
Group is unanimous
One admires the group.
One has made no prior commitment to any response
Others in the group observe one's behavior
One's culture strongly encourages respect for social standards
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Situations that enhance obedience
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person giving orders was close at hand, and was looked at s a legitimate figure.
figure was supported by a prestigious institution.
Victim was depersonalized and may be even in another room.
No role models for defiance
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Group influence
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How is our behavior influenced by the presence of others?
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Social Facilitation
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Stronger responses on simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others.
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Social Inhibition
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Poorer responses on complex or poorly learned tasks in the presence of others.
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Social Loafing
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Is the tendency for people in a group to exert less influence when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.
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Why do people loaf?
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People feel less accountable for their actions.
People feel like their actions don't matter as much.
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Deindividuation
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The loss of self awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
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Group Polarization
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The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.
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The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.
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When the desire for harmony in a decision making group overcomes the desire to make a good decision.
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Group think is likely to happen when...
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Overconfidence, Conformity and Group Polarization.
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Group think is reduced when
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Leader welcomes various opinions
Group is open to critiques
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Take Home Message
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One person can make a difference... Gandhi, MLKJ
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Attraction
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1. Be good looking
2. Don't be bad looking.
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Physical Attractiveness
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Babies stare longer at attractive faces than unattractive faces.
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Halo Effect
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when your judgement of a person's character is influenced by your overall impression of him or her.
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Attractive People
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More likely to get hired for jobs, get promoted and make more money.
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Good Looking People
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Aren't actually happier..
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Is physical attraction universal?
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Some aspects of what is considered attractive, changes across cultures.
some is universal (symmetry, youthful, great hair and skin, vivid eye color)
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Men's attractiveness
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Women prefer older men.
6 feet tall
V shaped body
men care more about muscle than women
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Women's physical attractiveness
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Big eyes, small noses
Younger
Women tend to think men prefer skinnier female bodies than they actually do.
Men like boobs
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Proximity
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People tend to build relationships with other people that are close to them.
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Mere exposure effect
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Repeated exposure to something new increases how much you like it.
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Similarity
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We are attracted to people with same interests, things.
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Passionate Love
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An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at beginning of romantic relationship.
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companionate love
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The deep affectionate attachement we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined with.
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characteristics of a successful marriage
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faithfulness, good sex, shared household chores
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Equity
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A condition in which people recieve from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.
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Self-Disclosure
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Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to another.
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Medical Model
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the perspective that psychological disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases cured, often through meds or treatment from a pro
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Psychological Disorders
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Ongoing patterns of thought, feelings, and actions that are deviant, distressful and dysfunctional.
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Mood Disorders
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psychological disorder characterized by emotional extremes.
MDD
Bipolar
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MDD (Major Depressive Disorder)
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A mood disorder in which a person experiences two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
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Lethargy
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Indifference and lack of motivation
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Symptons of Depression
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I'm not good enough.
Lost of interest in friends, family, activities.
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Depressive Realism
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The tendency for depressed individuals to have more accurate self perceptions.
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Prevalance of Depression
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#1 reason people seek mental health services.
90,000 american college students were surveryed and 44% reported that on one or more occasions within the last school year.
13% have experienced a disorder at one point in their life.
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Bipolar Disorder
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A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargic feelings to the overexcited and state of mania
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Mania
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A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.
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Symptons of Mania
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Non stop talking
Overactive
Energetic
Optimistic
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Cognitive Correlates of Mood Disorder
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Individuals diagnosed with depression show distinctive patterns of thoughts.
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Negative Thought Patterns
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Stable, Global, Internal
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Depression cycle
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Step 1 = stressful experiences
Step 2 = negative explanatory style
Step 3 = depressed mood
Step 4 = cognitive and behavioral changes
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Schizophrenia
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A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions.
Split mind
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Psychotic Disorder
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A psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions
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positive symptons of schizo
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the presence of inappropriate behaviors (hallucinations, disorganized or delusional talking)
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Negative symptons of Schizo
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Absence of normal feelings, actions or thoughts.
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Symptons of Schizo
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Disorganized thinking, disturbed perception, inappropriate feelings and actions
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Disorganized Thinking
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Thinking is usually fragmented, bizarre and distorted
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Disrupted Thinking
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Failure of selective attention, inability to filter out irrelevant information
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Delusions
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A belief held with strong conviction despite evidence to the contrary
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Grandoise Delusion
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One possesses a thought of being superior, genius, just awesome
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Persecutory Delusions
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Others are aiming to harm meeee.
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Disturbed Perceptions
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Hallucinations: Sensory experiences without sensory stimuli
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Inappropriate affect
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Laughing, crying, or becoming angry for no apparent reason, or at inappropriate times.
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Flat Affect
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Little to no emotion expression
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Catatonia
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A state characterized by lack of movement and lack of response to external stimuli
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Acute Onset
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Occurs suddenly, more positive symptoms, better chance at recovery
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Chronic Onset
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Develops slowly, more negative, worse chance at recovery
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Paranoid Schizo
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Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, often with themes of persecution or grandiosity
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Disorganized Schizo
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Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotions
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Catatonic Schizo
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Immobility or excessive, useless movements, parrot like repeating of other's speech or movements.
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Psychological Factors
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Social isolation and poverty
Parenting seems to play no role.
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Anxiety Disorders
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Psycho disorders characterized by distressing, persistant anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
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PSY 100: EXAM 1