80 Cards in this Set
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Do opposites attract?
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No. Commonalities better predict happiness & longevity.
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Empirical research starts with a...
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rational question, then moves to an empirical question.
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Rational
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logic, enthusiasm
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Empirical
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Through the senses, data-based inferences.
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What is modern science?
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-System of Knowledge
-General Truths -Applies the Scientific Method
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What is the Scientific Method?
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-Systematic Pursuit of Knowledge
-Problem Formation -Hypotheses -Observation & Experimentation
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Values of Science
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Verifiable
-replicable Cumulative -built on past research Parsimonious -simple is better Public
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What are the Psychological Perspectives?
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Structuralism
Functionalism Associativism Psychoanalysis Behaviorism Humanistic Cognitive Revolution
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Structuralism
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*Wundt
-Understand structure of "Mind" by component parts/feelings/sensations -Introspection
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Functionalism
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*William James
-What do we do and why? -Knowledge is validated by it's usefulness -openness to diversity increased methodology
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Associativism
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*Edward Thorndike
-How events or ideas become associated in the "mind" -Development of association between stimuli and responses
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Psychoanalysis
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*Sigmund Freud
-Psychological disorders were due to unconscious conflicts -Raise conflicts to the "surface"
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Behaviorism
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*John Watson
-Started as a backlash to Psychoanalysis -Stimulus-Response relationship -"Observable Behavior" -1920's to 1960's
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Humanistic
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*Carl Rogers
*Abraham Maslow -Positive Psychology -Try to be the best person you can be, etc. Emphasis: -environment -acceptance 1960's
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Cognitive Revolution
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Emphasis:
-Internal Thought AND -Human Behavior -not positive or negative -everything is important -very diligent about applying the scientific method -196
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What are the goals of Modern Psychology?
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Describe
-Human Behavior -What is happening? Explain & Understand -Why does it happen? Predict -Knowing precursors Change (control) -Alter behavior
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Non-Experimental Research
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Nothing is manipulated
observation case study survey research
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Observation
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Non-Experimental Research
Naturalistic Laboratory
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Case Study
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Non-Experimental Research
-One person. Really getting into the details of JUST them. -Beneficial if talking about something very unique.
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Survey Research
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Non-Experimental Research
-Interviews -Questionnaires
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Experimental
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True vs. Quasi-Experimental Research
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True Experimental Research
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-Has random assignment
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Quasi Experimental Research
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-Subject selected
-Useful but no cause/effect statement -e.g., Age & Gender. Example: People w/ high fiber diets have a low incidence of cancer People w/ low fiber diets ha
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What are the Developmental Research Method
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Longitudinal
-Group of people over time. Cross-Sectional -time-periods constant -2 groups of people-different ages
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What are the 2 types of forgetting?
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Availability and Accessibility
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Availability
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When info you're trying to recover actually gets into your memory.
If it didn't... Encoding failure-(it didn't get into your memory in the first place.) Decay-
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Encoding Failure
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info you tried to remember but didn't stick.
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Decay
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info you got into your memory but you can't access anymore.
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Accessibility
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a type of forgetting
whether or not you are able to retrieve info that got into your brain. Retrieval Failure Interference
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Retrieval Failure
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example: seeing someone from high school you knew but can't remember their name. But you do remember what letter it starts with or how it sounds.
This is called a "Tip of
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Interference
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Inability to recall different information.
(Goes with accessibility.) 2 types: Retroactive Interference Proactive Interference
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Retroactive Interference
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When old information interferes with new information.
examples: Sociology info is interfering with psych info when you change your password and can't remember what it
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Proactive Interference
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When new info interferes with old info.
examples: You study for psychology then you studied for sociology, and you can't recall psychology anymore A friend gets married an
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Types of Amnesia
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2 types:
Retrograde Amnesia Anterograde Amnesia
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Retrograde Amnesia
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loss of memory of old information (name, job, your family)
stereotypical soap-opera amnesia
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Anterograde Amnesia
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Having trouble remembering things after your brain injury (still know name and family, but can't form any new memories.
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2 ways of testing memory
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Direct
Indirect
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Direct testing of memory
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Asking people to recollect information, telling them words and asking them to remember them later.
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Indirect
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teaching people a task.
Give it to them every day for a week or so. They can't remember doing that task before. However, they get progressively better at it every time the
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Repression
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The intentional forgetting of a painful or a traumatic experience
Freud's theory There is some evidence that people can forget a traumatic event example: sexual abuse stud
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Types of Encoding
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A way to improve memory.
The Spacing Effect Rehearsal -->Maintenance Rehearsal -->Elaborative Rehearsal Mnemonic Devices
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The Spacing Effect
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a type of encoding
says that... --cramming is not effective --you should distribute your practice-people do much better if they space out their time studying.
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Maintenance Rehearsal
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A type of encoding
-skipping through book or notes again -it is not very effective because it is not the amount of time you spend studying, but what you do with th
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Elaborative Rehearsal
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A type of encoding
Prior Knowledge FB ICB SNC AAP BS FBI CBS NCAA PBS chess experts: if pieces are placed randomly then no matter who it is, can only remember
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Types of Mnemonic Devices
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to aid in organization
Interactive Images Method of Loci Acronyms Acrostic Hierarchies
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Interactive Images
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a mnemonic device.
concrete vs. abstract words -remember concrete words a lot better because an image is associated with it (dog, hat, cat, house) -The weirder the image,
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Method of Loci
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A mnemonic device
-picking a route (the way you walk to class or home) -try to link it to the info you want to remember -someone gives you their phone number but you have
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Acronyms
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A mnemonic device
-involves taking the first letter off of each of those words and putting a different word with it. ex: ROY G BIV for colors.
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Acrostic
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A mnemonic device.
a meaningful sentence e.g., Order of operations: Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally (Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition, Subtracti
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Hierarchies
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A mnemonic device
example: Memory short term memory long term memory impl
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The Testing Effect
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A way of retrieving information from your brain
Testing is very beneficial it will increase the likelihood of remembering in the future and also help you figure out what
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Context Dependent Memory
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A way of retrieving info from brain
Physical Context -same context for encoding and retrieval e.g., divers see book for better info
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Mental State
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a way of retrieving info from brain
People who study while smoking a cigarette vs. people who study while smoking marijuana. Proves that you can recall better if you're i
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Context Memory
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a way of retrieving info from brain
-the effects are small and it won't change if you're in a different chair during the test than you are in all the classes, just being i
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Learning
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The relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience
You know it has occurred if you observe changes in behaviors or take exams.
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Associative Learning
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Learning that two events occur together
Classical Conditioning Observational Conditioning
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Classical Conditioning
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Pavlov
Famous incidental study of learning. Fed dogs, rang a bell, the dogs would salivate when they heard a bell not just when they ate.
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Unconditioned Stimulus
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Classical Conditioning
(UCS) A stimulus that naturally triggers a response.
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Unconditioned Response
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Classical Conditioning
(UCR) a naturally occurring response to a UCS. example: food (UCS) naturally triggers salivation response (UCR) neutral stimulus (tone) brings no salivation response.
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Conditioned Stimulus
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Classical Conditioning
(CS) A neutral stimulus that triggers a conditional response (CR) after being associated with an US.
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Conditioned Response
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Classical Conditioning
(CS) A learned response to a previously neutral (now conditioned) stimulus (CS).
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Before, During, and After Conditioning
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Before Conditioning: UCS (Food) --> UCR (salivation)
During Conditioning: Neutral Stimulus (tone) +UCS (food)-->UCR (salivation) After Conditioning: CS (tone)-->CR (salivation)
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Phases of Classical Conditioning
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Acquisition
Extinction Spontaneous Recovery
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Acquisition
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Classical Conditioning
The phase when learning occurs by associating a CS with a UCS so that the UCS comes to elicit a CR.
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Extinction
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A phase of Classical Conditioning
Reduced responding when the CS no longer signals the impending presence of a UCS. e.g., present tone (CS) without food (UCS) over and over & salivation happens less and less often.
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Spontaneous Recovery
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A phase of Classical Conditioning
reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished CR. e.g., after extinction, wait a few hours. Then sound tone, the dogs tend to salivate again.
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Law of Effect
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Behaviors + favorable consequences=more likely to reoccur
Behaviors + unfavorable consequences=less likely to reoccur
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B.F. Skinner
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behaviorist
operant conditioning
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Operant Behavior
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operates (acts) on environment
produces consequences
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Positive Reinforcer
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giving something that is desired
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Negative Reinforcer
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taking away something that is not desired
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Positive Punishment
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giving something that is not desired
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Negative Punishment
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Taking away something that is desired
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Primary Reinforcer
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Something that satisfies a basic need (food, shelter, warmth, etc.)
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Secondary Reinforcer
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AKA conditioned reinforcer
on the way to satisfying a basic need
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Definition
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A depressed patient receives extra attention after a suicide attempt
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positive reinforcer
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A man receives a shock while attempting to rewire an electrical outlet
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Positive Punishment
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A child loses his video game privelege because he got in a fight at school
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Negative punishment
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A smoker reduces withdrawal craving when he/she lights up again
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Negative reinforcer
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PSY 100: EXAM 1