Psychology Module 21 Class Date Wednesday October 1 2014 NT Update 1 2 hours Time taking notes and reading Sunday June 28 2015 Bold UL Grey Link Title Keyword Definition Definition like statement Questions to help you remember http www flashnotes com members spraguemos Psychology Module 21 Memory Memory is learning that has persisted over time it is information that has been acquired stored and can be retrieved o There can be problems with the retrieving and storing of this information including photographic memory and short term memory loss o Remember the same event differently from your friend o Primacy o Recency We remember things we saw first better We remember things we saw more recently better What was the last TV show you saw last What was the 13th to last TV show you saw last You most likely remember the last TV show Measuring Retention Recall o Retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time A fill in the blank question tests your recall We are able to recall many things that we thought we couldn t do for example listing the Dwarfs in Snow White when seeing their names Recognition o Identifying items previously learned A multiple choice question tests your recognition Our recognition memory is impressively quick and fast too for example after quickly looking at the TV have you seen that movie before o Relearning Learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time When you study for a final exam or engage a language used in early childhood you will relearn the material more easily than you did initially Relearning things everyday reduces the amount of time you actually need to study on a test Tests of recognition and of time spent relearning demonstrate that we remember more than we can recall Memory Modules Storage Retrieval Processing Psychologists create memory modules just like architects make miniatures homes so we can understand how our brain retrieves and forms memories Encoding To get information within our brain o This is information being processed o Retaining that information This is studying and remembering the information o Getting the information stored back out This is pulling memory out and remembering something o Our brain processes memories both consciously and unconsciously along with parallel processing o Explaining memory This can all be done at the same time 1 We first record to be remembered information as a fleeting sensory memory This is just normal stimuli floating around and what we are interacting with 2 From there we process information into short term memory where we encode it through rehearsal This is just going over the information again 3 Finally the information moves into long term memory for later rehearsal This is basically when we have done things so much the memory is solidified in our brain THIS IS WHAT I UNDERSTAND 4 Psychologists have updated this model to include important newer concepts like working memory and automatic processing Basic memory recaps External events sensory memory working short term memory long term memory External events automatic processing long term memory Working Memory o When you are trying to retain information such as learning the contents of these notes Two basic processes o 1 active processing from audio and visual information 2 Focusing our spotlight of attention Dual Track Memory Effortful Versus Automatic Processing Explicit memories declarative memories o The facts and experiences we can consciously know and declare o explicit memories encode effortful processing Implicit memories o memories that happen without us knowing o implicit memories subconscious memory automatic processing Automatic Processing and Implicit Memories Implicit memories include procedural memory for automatic skill and classically conditioned associations among stimuli Without conscious effort you can process information about o Space o Time While studying you often encode the place on a page where certain material appears This includes knowing the page or the location in which the information is on the page itself While going about your day you unintentionally not the sequence of its events This includes knowing where you left something later on that day and being able to recall and find where your lost item is You effortlessly keep track of how many times things happen This includes noticing someone multiple times within a day o Frequency Parallel Processing o Throughout the day our brain keeps track of memories unconsciously and consciously which showing the importance of parallel processing Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories Effortful processing can become automatic through practice such as language Have you ever studied before or read notes This is explicit memories Sensory Memory Sensory memory feeds our active working memory and records momentary images of scenes or echoes of sounds Iconic memory o A fleeting sensory memory of visual stimuli For a few tenth of a second our eyes register a photographic or picture image memory of a scene o A fleeting sensory memory of auditory stimuli Auditory echoes tend to linger for Echoic memory 3 4 seconds Capacity of Short Term and Working Memory Short term memory only last about 3 seconds but can last up to 12 seconds Effortful Processing Strategies Chunking o When your categorize information into meaningful personal chuck that you can understand It is like how we understand different words make a language with each word being the chuck it make it much easier to remember every meaning Mnemonics nih MON iks o This is basically making acronyms Hierarchies o Organizing information into a hierarchy format allows for better memory rather than unorganized content 2x 3x time better Distributed Practice o Experiments over the last century have consistently revealed the benefits of this spacing effect Practicing over and over over extended periods of time help retain information o One way of distributing practice is through self testing read notes or practice questions Levels of Processing Shallow processing Deep processing o Processing that encodes on a very basic level such as words letters o Encodes semantically based on the meaning of the word The deeper the processing or the more meaning the better our retention is Making Material Personally Meaningful Remembering something on a personal level makes it 1 10 as hard to remember Can you relate something to your life Do this it makes it 10x