1 Psychological roots Aristotle i Theorized psychological concepts 1 Memory 2 Dreams Emotion 3 Personality 4 5 Perception Charles Darwin Inheritance of characteristics favored by natural selection i Theory of Evolution ii Natural selection survival of the fittest iii iv Nature vs Nurture v vi Helped shift psychology to America Language sexual selection memory attention Wilhelm Wundt i 1st psychologist ii Studied reaction time of participants hearing a sound and pressing key iii Helped bridge the gap between science and psychology iv Wanted to measure atoms of the mind Mary Whinton Calkins i William James student 1 Very radical to take female ii Had a PhD in Harvard they wouldn t give it to her and she didn t accept the other Descriptive correlational experimental use statistics to help to help us understand their findings Be an intelligent consumer of statistics Organize data degree that they gave her iii APA 1st president 2 Humanism 3 Describing data Freud too limiting Emphasized growth and potential of healthy people Cognitive revolution 4 Measureable of central tendency Single scores that represents a large of scores Mode Median Mean 5 Measures of variation Tells us how similar or diverse all the scores were Range Standard deviation Large more variability i ii Small less variability 6 Significant Differences 7 Research Strategies The need for psychological science i Can t rely solely on common sense ii Hindsight bias I knew it all along Reliable samples more reliable Sample averages are reliable and have a large difference samples are statistically and significantly different iii People are overconfident when they know the answers iv Mistake confidence for accuracy v Conspiracy theories 8 Scientific theory 9 Research Types Develop a theory Form a hypothesis i Observe a series of behavior i Testable prediction often implied by theory Description observing and describing what we encounter is the starting point of any science examines one individual in a natural environment i Case Studies ii Doesn t describe behavior it describes the organism iii Naturalistic Observation iv Survey looks at many cases in less depth opposite of case study recording behavior in a natural environment Correlation beyond describing behavior as we want to predict it i Positive correlation ii Negative correlation variables are affecting each other in the same way variables are affecting each other in opposite ways Correlation is not the same as causations Correlation can help us predict but isn t proof that one exists Nerve cells are called neurons and are the building blocks of the nervous system 10 Neuron 11 Parts of a Neuron Branches Dendrites receive signals Cell body Soma Tail Axon Axon terminals end branches 12 Neural Impulse A neurons dendrites are stimulated then it sends the signal down the axon pad and to the terminals i Action potential operate on a all or none rule 13 2 types of signal Evcitatory gas pedal Inhibitory brake pedal 14 How Neurons Communicate Synapse Neurotransmitters 15 Kinds of Neurotransmitters i An action potential occurs once a minimum threshold needs to be met how neurons communicate gaps between neurons chemical message that is sent through synapse 16 The Nervous System Acetylcholine muscle contraction memory Popamine movement learning emotion Serotonin mood sleep arousal hunger Endorphins good feelings Peripheral everything besides brain and spinal cord i Autonomic invouluntary 1 2 Sympathetic arousing Parasympathetic calming ii Sommatic voluntary Central brain and spinal cord 17 Endocrine System Slower uses chemical communication system run by hormones Messages from endocrine system outlast nervous system messages The ANS can order the adrenal gland to secrete hormones The pituitary gland is the most influential gland i Produces oxytocin hormone in birthing nursing 18 Older Brain Structures Medulla Receives sensory input and performs basic functions i Breathing heartbeat blood pressure vomiting i Sleep swallowing bladder control Pons Thalamus i Relays information from body to brain and vise versa ii Receives all input information from all senses besides smell Reticular Formation Cerebellum i Filters stimuli and relays information i Motor functions coordination posture timing learning motor skills 19 Limbic System Influences basic things like emotions Amygdala i Aggression and fear ii Most important for emotions Hypothalamus i 4 F s ii hunger reward center Hippocampus i Learning and memory i Frontal planning judgment behavior inhibition ii Parietal sensory input iii Occipital vision iv Temporal hearing 20 The Cerebral Cortex 4 lobes 21 Functions of Cortex Motor Sensory i Arch shaped region at the back of the frontal lobes that directs muscular output i Parallel to and just behind the motor cortex ii Receives incoming sensory signals about touch Association areas Interpret integrate and act on information i ii About 75 of the brain 22 EGG Electrodes placed on the outside of the skull that detect electrical activity in the brain i Ex brainwaves ii Pros 1 Non invasive 2 Time sensitive iii Cons 1 Location insensitive 23 PET Scan Inject harmless radioactive glucose into patients Sees what part of brain needed glucose i Pros 1 Location sensitive Studies in twin adulthood show that identical twins show more similar personality traits 24 MRI 25 FMRI 1 Difficult and expensive 2 Lots of extra things in pictures Uses magnets to take snapshots of the brains soft tissue ii Cons i Pros 1 ii Cons Location sensitive 1 Uncomfortable 2 Still picture of the brain doesn t show activity Uses magnets to take a snapshot of brains tissue Takes a video i Pros 1 2 ii Cons Location sensitive See what brain is doing 1 Uncomfortable Time insensitive 2 26 Twins are used to study nature vs nurture Identical Twins Fraternal Twins i Single egg splits into 2 monozygotic i 2 separate eggs dizygotic i Extraversion social ii Neuroticism emotional iii Divorce rates were the same iv IQ scores were the same 27 Gene Environment Interaction The greatest similarities we share as humans is adaptability Genes and environment work together its not one or the other 28 Evolutionary Psychology Study of how behavior and the mind have evolved through natural selection Most scientists are on board with the idea of evolutionary psychology Study things like memory childhood development and phobias 29 Dual Processing 30 Selective attention 31 Intentional Blindness 32 Change Blindness 33 Stages of sleep Beta The dual track