Memory is learning that has persisted over time it is information that has been acquired stored and can be retrieved o There can be problems with the retrieving and storing of this information as well including photographic memory and short term memory loss We remember things we saw first better We remember things we saw more recently better Module 21 Memory o Primacy o Recency Measuring Retention Recall o Retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time A fill in the blank question tests your recall We are able to recall many things that we thought we couldn t do for example listing the Dwarfs in Snow White when seeing their names o Identifying items previously learned A multiple choice question tests your recognition Our recognition memory is impressively quick and fast too for example after quickly looking at the TV have you seen that movie before YES Recognition Relearning o Learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time When you study for a final exam or engage a language used in early childhood you will relearn the material more easily than you did initially Relearning things everyday reduces the amount of time you actually need to study on a test Tests of recognition and of time spent relearning demonstrate that we remember more Psychologists create memory modules just like architects make miniatures homes so we can understand how our brain retrieves and forms memories than we can recall Memory Modules Encoding Storage Retrieval Processing o to get information within our brain o Retaining that information o getting the information stored back out parallel processing o This can all be done at the same time o Explaining memory o Our brain processes memories both consciously and unconsciously along with 1 We first record to be remembered information as a fleeting sensory memory This is just normal stimuli floating around and what we are interacting with 2 From there we process information into short term memory where we encode it through rehearsal This is just going over the information again 3 Finally the information moves into long term memory for later rehearsal This is basically when we have done things so much the memory is solidified in our brain THIS IS WHAT I UNDERSTAND 4 Psychologists have updated this model to include important newer concepts like working memory and automatic processing External events sensory memory working short term memory long term memory External events automatic processing long term memory Basic memory recaps o When you are trying to retain information such as learning the contents of these Working Memory notes o Two basic processes 1 active processing from audio and visual information 2 focusing our spotlight of attention Explicit memories declarative memories Dual Track Memory Effortful Versus Automatic Processing o The facts and experiences we can consciously know and declare o explicit memories encode effortful processing implicit memories subconscious memory automatic processing o memories that happen without us knowing o Implicit memories Automatic Processing and Implicit Memories Implicit memories include procedural memory for automatic skill and classically conditioned associations among stimuli Without conscious effort you can process information about o Space o Time While studying you often encode the place on a page where certain material appears This includes knowing the page or the location in which the information is on the page itself While going about your day you unintentionally not the sequence of its events This includes knowing where you left something later on that day and being able to recall and find where your lost item is You effortlessly keep track of how many times things happen This includes noticing someone multiple time within a day o Frequency Parallel Processing o Throughout the day our brain keeps track of memories unconsciously and consciously which showing the importance of parallel processing Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories Effortful processing can become automatic through practice such as language Sensory memory feeds our active working memory and records momentary images of Sensory Memory scenes or echoes of sounds Iconic memory o a fleeting sensory memory of visual stimuli For a few tenth of a second our eyes register a photographic or picture image memory of a scene o a fleeting sensory memory of auditory stimuli Auditory echoes tend to linger for Echoic memory 3 4 seconds Capacity of Short Term and Working Memory short term memory only last about 3 seconds but can last up to 12 seconds Graph on page 295 of the textbook Effortful Processing Strategies Chunking o When your categorize information into meaningful personal chuck that you can understand It is like how we understand different words make a language with each word being the chuck it make it much easier to remember every meaning Mnemonics nih MON iks o This is basically making acronyms Hierarchies o Organizing information into a hierarchy format allows for better memory rather than unorganized content 2x 3x time better o Experiments over the last century have consistently revealed the benefits of this Practicing over and over over extended periods of time help retain o one way of distributing practice is through self testing Distributed Practice spacing effect information Levels of Processing Shallow processing Deep processing o Processing that encodes on a very basic level such as words letters o Encodes semantically based on the meaning of the word The deeper the processing or the more meaning the better our retention is Making Material Personally Meaningful Remembering something on a personal level makes it 1 10 as hard to remember Find personal meaning in what you are reading because it help retain that information