Psychology 100 -----  On Review What is psychology? Timeline1. Early psych thought2. Contemporary psych3. First psych lab4. Introspection5. Behaviorism6. Cognitive Revolution 7. Multiple DisciplinesBiopsychosocial Approach - Biological- Psychological- SocialResearch Methods -Science-systematic method of building and organizing knowledge in the form of testable explanations- Goals of Science 1. Explain2. Control3. Predict4. Describe -- Variable- characteristics of a person, object, or thing that can be observed and measured (ex:weight)- Construct- theoretical variable that can’t be directly observed or measures (ex: depression)CONSTRUCT VARIABLES-Religious involvement -how often you attend church-General health - how often you smoke-Social support - how many friends you have- Theory- specific prediction about the relationship between variables and constructs Principle of Falsifiability- For a hypothesis to be scientific you need to be able to state what evidence would convince you that the hypothesis is false - Case study- in depth observation in order to generalize people - Helps us understand behavior- Can be misleading/difficult to performNaturalistic Observation- Great for description- Observe behavior in natural setting- Useful when true experiment is unethical- Lack of control- Time and resource extensive Correlational Research – quantitative estimate of the strength of the relationship between 2 variables predictor <-- X & Y  outcome- Quantify strength between 2 variables- Can move to make a predictionHow to evaluate research validity Validity - Internal validity- measure of how well the study was conducted Threats to this:- Confounding variable- variable not properly controlled - Selection bias- selection not equal, different control and selection- Operationalization f variables- how to measure variables - External Validity- how well can you generalize findings from a study to other people and situations in the outside world Threats to this:- Situational specificity- will the lab findings generalize to other situations/ contexts? - Sampling bias- your people in your study could be bias towards something Population- everyone you are interested inSample- the people that actually participate in your studyW. westernE. educatedI. industrialized  participants usually chosen for study’sR. richD. democraticNeural and Hormonal System- Reductionism- idea that we can’t always explain everything through biology- In psychology we break down a human to understand behavior- Emergence- looking at different parts and something emerges from it - Need to study as a whole, not parts - Neurons – The basic building blocks of the nervous system - Brain- an organ that is the center of nervous system - Mind- is not tangible- cant be held 3 Types of Neurons - Motor moves the muscles - Seonsory  senses- Inter neuron connects them all Structure -Dendrites-Axon-sends signals from one neuron to the next - Cell body *Within cell, neurons communicate electronically * Between cells neurons communicate chemicallyThe Nervous SystemCNS vs. PNS- Central Nervous system- brain and spinal chord- Peripheral nervous system- neurons that connect to CNS- CNS- Brain- the decision maker- Spinal Chord- information highway- Simple decision maker- PNS Somatic vs Automatic - Somatic controls body muscles, mainly conscious controls - Automaticcontrol itself, glands and muscles of the internal organs Not under conscious control Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic-“Para”-“rest and digest” –“Sympa”- “fight or flight” When ones heart rate goes up “para” makes you not pee yourself and you are hungryWhen ones heart rate goes down “sympa” makes you pee yourself and you are not hungry*when ones adrenaline and heart rate are pumping they are not hungry and might pee their pants- Endocrine system- hormones- chemical messengers  Main glands- Pituitary gland- in the brain and tells other glands what to do, when to release hormones The Brain- biological basis for human behavior and the mind 3 parts1. Older brain structure- stem2. Limbic system- in between border3. Cerebrum and cerebral cortex1. Basic survival functionsStem medulla- breath, heart beat, blood pressure, vomit Polls- sleep, swallow, bladder Thalamus- relays info body to brain, brain to body Reticular formation- filters stimuli and relays info  Cerebellum- motor functions ***alcohol affects learning motor skills2. Limbic System  Amygdala- influences aggression and fear  Hypothalamus- thirst, body temperature, sexual behavior Hypothalamus-“Reward center” smoking addictions are all related to this, underthe thalamus3. Cerebral Cortex- decision making, learning new things, adapting to changes 4 lobes1. Parietal sensory input2. Frontal planning, judgment, behavior3. Occipital vision4. Temporal hearing-functions of cortex 1. motor—arch region- directs muscular output2. sensory—receives sensory info3. association areas—interpret, integrate, act on info, 75% of the brain - Plasticity- brains ability to change by reorganizing after damage Two Halves- Corpus CallosumEEG-electrodes on headPET Scan- Injects radioactivity glucose into patient - See what parts of the brain use the glucoseBehavioral Genetics - Study of relative influence of genetics- Chromosomes- coiled chains of DNA- Most have 46  23 from moms egg , 23 from dads sperm- Genes- segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein - Genes build protein - Protein – what we are made of, building blocksGenes protein you Different genes different protein different peopleIs your behavior based off your genes? Nature VIA Nurture not Nature vs. Nuture - Heredity- passing of traits to offspring through genes  How do we study it?-identical twins exact same DNA - Fraternal twins only 50% same DNAIQ is mostly due to genes - Variance- quantitative (#) estimate of how much people differ in the world- Personality- 5 traits of personality and what comes from genetics (parents)O. openness to new experiences 57%C. conscientiousness – organization 49%E. Extraversion/ introversion – enjoy company 54% THESE ARE THE BIG 5A. Agreeableness 42% N. neuroticism- emotional stability 48% Variance in IQ? 