Psychology Module 23 Class Date Wednesday October 1 2014 NT Update 5 6 hours Time taking notes and reading Sunday June 28 2015 Bold UL Grey Link Title Keyword Definition Definition like statement Questions to help you remember http www flashnotes com members spraguemos Psychology Module 23 Book Notes Forgetting and the Two Track Mind Henry Molaison o For 55 years after having brain surgery to stop severe seizures Molaison was unable to form new conscious memories o He was able to learn non verbal tasks such hand to hand tasks They people with his condition can also find their way to the bathroom They people with his condition can learn complicated job skills o When you can recall the past but not form new memories o Those who cannot recall their past the old information stored in long term Anterograde amnesia Retrograde amnesia memory Encoding Failure Age can affect encoding efficiency o The areas in older adults compared to younger adults are less responsive We can only really focus on one thing at a time and this is because it will lead to an encoding failure o Like texting and trying to listen in class Don t lie to yourself you can only focus on one thing Storage Decay One of the explanations for these forgetting curves is a gradual fading of the physical memory trace Retrieval Failure External events sensory memory working short term memory long term memory storage Interference o Proactive interference forward acting Occurs when prior learning disrupts your recall of new information Your Facebook password might interfere with your retrieval of o Retroactive interference backwards acting your newly learned copy machine code Occurs when new learning disrupts recall of old information If someone sings new lyrics to the tune of an old song you may have trouble remembering the original words Motivated Forgetting o Repressing Memory Construction Errors We may repress memories that are painful or unacceptable to protect our self concept and to minimize anxiety We don t just retrieve memories we reweave them o Meaning every time we think of the same memory it is actually different from what it was before o Therefore we can change our memories o Keep track of your memories in a notebook every month and see how they change over a year Misinformation and Imagination Effects This is when people remember something but are told something different and remember it differently than what they did prior to no remembering An example would be you witnessing a car crash at 20mph and the cops asks you how hard did the car slam into the other car and it changes your memory perception to 40mph When you are told a different story over and over until you believe it actually o 2 3 of us have experienced d j vu o Thanks to the hippocampus and frontal lobe processing it gives us a vivid Source Amnesia happened to you This also helps explain D j vu image of our surroundings Discerning True and False Memories We tend to remember the gist of the memory but not exactly o This can lead to false memories Candy sugar honey and taste sweet because we remember the gist Did she really pull your hair Or was she just tapping your shoulder I m looking at you Real Housewives Children s eyewitness Recall 3 years and younger don t remember true memories If you tell them that they saw something or they should see something they will say and mean that they saw something Repressed or Constructed Memories of Abuse Injustice happens Forgetting happens o Many of those actually abused were either very young when abused or may not have understood the meaning of their experience circumstance Recovered memories are commonplace Memories of things happening before age 3 are unreliable Memories recovered under hypnosis or the influence of drugs are especially unreliable Improving memory Rehearse repeatedly Make the material meaningful Activate retrieval cues Use mnemonic devices Minimize interference Sleep more Test your own knowledge both to rehearse it and to find out what you don t yet know Memory Memory frameworks o Stage model Lecture Notes Memory for various time frames Sensory Memory attention Short term memory encoding and storage long term memory Sensory memory o Brief 3 seconds Unless we direct our sense we typically forget it o Iconic memory Visual very short o Echoic memory Auditory sound You can get the last couple of seconds of what they were talking about Short term memory working memory o Temporary 20 seconds longer with rehearsal o The average person can remember 7 or 2 Long term memory o Infinite memory All the facts and knowledge you have o Access points We tend to remember information tied to ourselves Have you ever done this when studying Use this when you are studying to get better grades o State dependent learning If you are in the same state you learn better in that situation States and locations can help retain information Visual sounds etc Have you ever used this during a test If you chew gum while studying and then while taking a test you may score better o Explicit Vs Implicit long term memory Different parts of the brain can affect either one Explicit declarative memory Things that you do that you don t say Walking talking riding a bike motor skills Implicit memory non declarative memory Anything that you can say easily o I had a salad yesterday o Things that we did that we know we did It is at non conscious level recall Semantic knowledge Facts o Denver is the capital of Colorado Procedural Events activities How to drive to Coors Stadium Episodic Specific personal occasions o That time you caught a fly ball Content Model o Memory for different types of information Influences of Memory Forgetting Forgetting can occur at any memory stage Sensory information that we think we encoded o Could actually never happen Storage decay Retrieval Failure o Memories fade away or decay gradually if unused o There is a retrieval problem with the information o Tip of the tongue experience Interference Theories Memories interfering with memories Retroactive past o New information is making it hard to remember the past o New information that is difficult to learn from old information you have already A person s existing memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading Proactive learned The Misinformation Effect information Forgetting and Illness Amnesia o Severe memory loss Retrograde amnesia need for consolidation Anterograde amnesia o Inability to remember past episodic information common after head