98 Cards in this Set
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associative learning
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Learning that certain events occur together
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classical conditioning
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link 2 or more stimuli & anticipate events
(use tuning fork [conditioned stimulus] to make dog think hes getting food[conditioned response])
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behaviorism
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psych should Observe Behaviors
(no thoughts feelings or motives)
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learning
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change in behavior due to experience.
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neutral stimulus(NS)
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stimulus that does not evoke a response
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unconditioned response (UR)
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the unlearned, Naturally Occurring Response
(salivation when food is in the mouth.)
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unconditioned stimulus (US)
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naturally and automatically-TRIGGERS a response.
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conditioned response (CR)
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conditioned stimulant causes conditioned response
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
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stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism
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Acquisition
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The initial learning stage in classical conditioning, during which the conditioned response comes to be elicited by the conditioned stimulus.
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higher-order conditioning
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The process in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus and the neural stimulus takes on the ability to elicit the conditioned response
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extinction
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if you dont continue practices, person stops responding
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spontaneous recovery
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the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
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Generalization
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Responding to a stimuli that is similar
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respondent behavior
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is that which occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
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operant conditioning
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a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
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operant chamber
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a chamber also known as a Skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research.
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shaping
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reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
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reinforcer
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in operant conditioning,
any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.
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positive reinforcement
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increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli,
such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
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negative reinforcement
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increasing behavior by stopping or reducing negative stimuli.
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primary reinforcer
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satisfied through biological needs [food, water, sex]
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conditioned reinforcer
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a learned reinforcer that gets its power by association with a primary reinforcer
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partial (or intermittent) reinforcement schedule
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reinforcing of a behavior some but not all of the time
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Fixed‐Ratio Schedule
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reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made
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variable-ratio schedule
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reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.
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fixed-interval schedule
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reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.
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variable-interval schedule
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reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.
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punishment
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an event that decreases the behavior that it follows.
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cognitive map
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a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.
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latent learning
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learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
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observational learning
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learning by observing others.
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modeling
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observing and imitating
(child imitates what parents do)
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mirror neurons
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frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy
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Prosocial behavior
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Positive, constructive, helpful behavior; the opposite of antisocial behavior
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memory
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the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
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encoding
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putting info INTO memory
(requires effort/attention/meaning)
(no repetition)
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storage
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the retention of encoded information over time
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retrieval
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getting information out of memory storage
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Sensory Memory
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the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
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short-term memory
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activated
holds a few items briefly,
(such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten)
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long-term memory
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the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
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working memory
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a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
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automatic processing
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unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, and frequency, and of well learned information such as word meanings.
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effortful processing
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encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
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rehearsal
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the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
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spacing effect
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the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice
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serial position effect
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our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
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imagery
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mental pictures/ a powerful aid to effortful processing especially when combined with semantic encoding
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mnemonics
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memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
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chunking
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organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
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ionic memory
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a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
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echoic memory
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a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.
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long-term potentiation (LTP)
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an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be neural basis for learning and memory
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flashbulb memory
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a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
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amnesia
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the loss of memory
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implicit memory
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retention independent of conscious recollection
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explicit memory
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memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"
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hippocampus
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a neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage
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recall
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a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill in the blank test
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recognition
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a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test
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relearning
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a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
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priming
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the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
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deja vu
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that eerie sense that " i've experienced this before". Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
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mood congruent memory
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the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
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repression
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in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
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misinformation effect
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incorporation misleading information into one's memory of an event
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Source Amnesia
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attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. also called source misattribution. Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.
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sensory memory
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ionic& echoic
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John Watson
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believes everything is based o environment
conducted the Little Albert experiment
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context effects
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situation During retrieval is same during encoding
(encoding& retrieval match)
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Spacing Effect
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cramming not effective
distribute practice w breaks
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testing effect
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assess knowledge
strengthen memory
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encoding failure
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never learned in the first place
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retrieval failure
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memory lost IN system
(rather than From)
(tip of the tongue)
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proactive interference
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OLD info impacts ability to learn NEW
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retroactive interference
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NEW info makes it harder to remember OLD
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amnesia
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loss of memory abilities
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retrograde amnesia
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new memories affected
temporal gradient
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anterograde amnesia
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unable to form new memories
(nothing transferred to long term)
(impaired explicit)
(cant remember new facts)
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declarative (explicit)
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consciously available
(facts events)
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procedural (implicit)
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skills
how to do something
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cause/effect relationships
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the experiment
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repression
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pushing painful memories out of conscious awareness
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operant conditioning
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learning based on consequences
(law of effect thorndike)
responses by + outcomes are repeated
responses - outcomes NOT repeated
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Positive reinforcement
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giving something they do like for doing something they dont like
(giving child candy for cleaning their room)
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negative reinforcement
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taking away something they dont like
(take away a chore for cleaning their room)
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positive punishment
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punish for doing something bad
(child swears, get soap in mouth)
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negative punishment
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take away something dont like
(take away car privelages for not doing chores)
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physical punishment
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spanking children
teaches kids aggression
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classical
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learning to associate neutral stimulus with naturally occurring event
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operant
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learning from consequences
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supression
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post traumatic stess disorder
cant stop thinking about traumatic event
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source amnesia
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memory is a reconstruction of events
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single blind condition
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admin told who suspect is
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double blind
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does not know who suspect is
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unconditioned stimulus & response
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unlearned naturally occurring
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mirror
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frontal lobe
watching somebody yawn, you will yawn
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PSY 100: EXAM 1