Study Guide: Final Exam
43 Cards in this Set
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John Calvin
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1509-1564, Influential french theologian during the Protestant Reformation. Principal figure in the development of Calvinism. This was heavily opposed by Martin Luther and many other religions. Also proposed the idea of predestination.
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Predestination
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In christian theology it is the concept that God knows who will choose to believe in him. the difference between god and man is so different that the only people who are going to be saved are a select few that god has already chosen. cause Calvinist communities to create an intense poli…
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Huguenots
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Members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France, or French Calvinists from the 16th and 17th centuries. Protestants in France were inspired by the writings of John Calvin in the and the name Huguenots was already in use by the 1560s. By the end of the 17th century, roughly 200,000 Hu…
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Anabaptists
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Christians of the Radical Reformation of 16th-century Europe, Anabaptists rejected conventional Christian practices. Anabaptists required that followers be able to profess their own faith, therefore not baptizing infants. Because of this Anabaptists were heavily persecuted by Catholics an…
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Cathrine of Aragon
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Queen of England as the first wife of King Henry VIII. Henry began to believe that his marriage was cursed because Catherine could not bear children. He set out to annul his marriage to Catherine as a means to find a wife that could have children. This would be the only way for Henry to s…
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Act of Supremacy
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The first Act of Supremacy was a piece of legislation that granted King Henry VIII of England which means that he was declared the supreme head of the church of England and that the crown would enjoy all the powers of the powers of religious aspects. The main purpose of this act was so th…
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The Elizabethan Settlement
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Elizabeth I’s response to the religious divisions created over the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I. The settlement was set out in two acts, the Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity. The Act of Supremacy 1558 revived ten Acts of Henry VIII that Mary had repealed and confir…
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Ignatius Loyola
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Spanish theologian who founded the Society of Jesus in 1540 and was its first Superior General.Ignatius emerged as a religious leader during the Counter-Reformation. Loyola's devotion to the Church was characterized by unquestioning obedience to everything said by her hierarchy. Studied …
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Schmalkaldic War
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refers to the short period of violence from 1546 until 1547 between the forces of Emperor Charles V of Habsburg and the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League within the domains of the Holy Roman Empire, in efforts to suppress the spread of Martin Luther's ideas. Although the imperial forces were v…
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Peace of Augsburg
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was a treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Lutheran princes, on September 25, 1555. It officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christendom permanent within the Holy Roman Empire. Establishe…
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Spanish Armada
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was the Spanish fleet that sailed against England under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia in 1588, with the intention of overthrowing Elizabeth I of England to stop English involvement in the Spanish Netherlands and English privateering in the Atlantic. The fleet's mission was to …
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Concordat of Bologna
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was an agreemenbetween King Francis I of France and Pope Leo X, stated that the Pope could collect all the income that the Catholic Church made in France, while the King of France was confirmed in his right to tithe the clerics and to restrict their right of appeal to Rome. The Concordat …
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St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
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in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations, followed by a wave of Roman Catholic mob violence, both directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants), during the French Wars of Religion. Also marked a turning point in the French Wars of Religion. The Huguenot political mov…
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Edict of Nantes
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issued on April 13, 1598, by Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic. The main concern was civil unity and the Edict separated civil from religious unity, treated some Protestants for the first ti…
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Protestant Union and the Catholic League
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The catholic league was a loose confederation of Roman Catholic German States formed in 1609 to counter the Protestant Union, participating states concluded an alliance "for the defence of the Catholic religion and peace within the Empire." The protestant union formed in 1608 was a coalit…
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Thirty Years War
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(1618–1648) was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power within the Empire played a significant part. A ma…
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Peace of Westphalia
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denotes a series of peace treaties signed between May and October of 1648 in Osnabrück and Münster. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) in the Holy Roman Empire, The treaties did not restore the peace throughout Europe, however. The Peace of Westphalia treaties involved…
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Jacques-Benigne Bossuet
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Bossuet was a strong advocate of political absolutism and the divine right of kings. He argued that government was divine and that kings received their power from God. He was also an important courtier and politician.
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Thomas Hobbes & Leviathan
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was an English philosopher, best known today for his work on political philosophy. 1651 book Leviathan established the foundation for most of Western political philosophy from the perspective of social contract theory. InLeviathan, Hobbes set out his doctrine of the foundation of states a…
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Cardinal Richelieu & d'etat
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Consecrated as a bishop in 1608, he later entered politics, becoming a Secretary of State in 1616. Richelieu soon rose in both the Catholic Church and the French government, becoming a Cardinal in 1622, and King Louis XIII's chief minister in 1624.
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Constitutionalism
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government based on a set of laws. if government doesn't follow laws, citizens can start a new one. different from a democracy but constitutionalism has the ability to turn into a type of democracy. power is shared in the form of divided government with different branches. there are highl…
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John Locke
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17th and 18th century who is know as the father of the enlightenment and by deemed by some as the greatest political philosopher of modern western history. his theory rests on his faith for human beings capacity for goodness and ability to be rational thinkers. he believed that the best w…
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James I
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17th century. he became impressed with the french model of absolutism. he believe England should develop something similar, he placed the king above the law and above parliament because he is the one that enforces law. he initiates a conflict between the crown and parliament and moves the…
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Charles I
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son of James I, he expanded on his fathers thinkings and tried to put principals of divine right into effect. he believed that he could rule without consulting parliament, and tried to implement new taxes without consulting parliament. the parliament tries to contest this and the end resu…
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Petition of Right
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1629, it is a landmark document is English and western constitutional history. seen in the Declaration of Independence and the American constitution. stated that only taxes levied by parliament were legal and that the king could not collect taxes without the consent of parliament (no taxa…
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The Long Parliament
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17th century. it received its name from the fact that through an act of parliament, it could only be dissolved with the agreement of its members. parliament uses this to demand that Charles respect the petition of rights. Charles refuses to agree with them and tries to shut them down but …
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Oliver Cromwell
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17th century. he was a member of parliament that led the new model army who defeated the royal army. it consisted of "round-heads" who were inspired by religious passion to do god's work. Cromwell dissolves parliament and establishes the first military dictatorship. after Charles dies par…
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William and Mary
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this term usually refers to the co-regency over the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, of King William III and Queen Mary II. Their reign began in the 17th century when parliament called them in to replace James II and VII. this happened without a civil war as James goes to Franc…
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Glorious Revolution
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this refers to when James II is taken removed from the throne and is replaced by William III and Mary II. this happened without a civil war as James willingly moved to France.
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Bill of Rights
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written in the 17th century
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Caravel
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15th century. small, highly maneuverable sailing ship developed in the 15th century by the Portuguese to to explore along the west African coast and into the Atlantic Ocean. these new technological advances in ships is what makes navigation and expansion into the rest of the world possibl…
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Prince Henry the Navigator
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14th and 15th century portugese prince who greatly supported expansion, he also financed many expeditions to explore new areas, and set up navigation schools. He was responsible for the early development of European exploration and maritime trade with other continents
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Juan de Supulveda
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16th century. he had opposing views with Bartholomew de las Casas.
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Price Revolution/Great Inflation company
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15th to 17th century. Creates a rise in prices (almost doubles) is due in part to an influx of gold and silver (too many people with too much money chased too few goods). Also, increased population placed greater demands on an agricultural area that had contracted significantly after the …
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Enclosure
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Began in England and spread throughout Europe as it reshaped agricultural economy. It was attempts by large land owners to regain control of their land. They ended the practice of giving heritable leases to peasants so that when a peasant died, they could take the land back. peasants are …
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Putting Out System
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17th and 18th century. work was contracted by a central agent to subcontractors who completed the work in their own facilities. served as a way to bypass the guild system. advantages of this was that workers could work at their own speed at home and children working in the system were bet…
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Jean Colbert
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17th century. achieved his reputation for his work improving the state of French manufacturing and bringing the economy back from the brink of bankruptcy.
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Mercantilism
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the idea that there is a fixed amount of wealth in the world. it is the job of every good government to increase its nation share of its wealth by pursuing certain policies that will ensure this at the expense of other nations. allows to export more and import less, certain companies are …
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Epistemology
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Branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge. This answers important questions of how we know what we know is true. It is secular based on math, empirical observation, and rigorous methods for testing theories and gave greater weight to the new truths that science…
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Francis Bacon (inductive reasoning)
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French lawyer and philosopher of new science. criticized scholasticism and humanism because they were wedded to tradition and abstract problems. he helped to initiate the tradition of pragmatism. Known for his theory of Inductive reasoning which stated that all truth and knowledge can onl…
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Rene Descartes (deductive reasoning)
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17th century philosopher and theologian known for his theories of math, dualism, and deductive reasoning.he was more concerned with math which he claimed was a perfectly logical system existing independently of human experience, a pure system of logic. Humans could use their capacity for …
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Discourse on Method
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proposed by Rene Descartes. he thought that the most reliable unshakable truths were produced through a process of logical thought that occurred wholly within the individual's mind. he outlines his method for achieving such truths - including the truth of his own existence. these truths c…
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Copernicus and On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres
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15th and 16th century. offered a powerful theory based on mathematical truths that the earth revolved around the sun. Challenged the view of the sun revolving around the earth proposed by Aristotle. This went against Christian views because they thought that the Earth was the center of th…
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Study Guide: Final Exam