View
- Term
- Definition
- Both Sides
Study
- All (43)
Shortcut Show
Next
Prev
Flip
Study Guide: Final Exam
John Calvin |
1509-1564, Influential french theologian during the Protestant Reformation. Principal figure in the development of Calvinism. This was heavily opposed by Martin Luther and many other religions. Also proposed the idea of predestination. |
Predestination |
In christian theology it is the concept that God knows who will choose to believe in him. the difference between god and man is so different that the only people who are going to be saved are a select few that god has already chosen. cause Calvinist communities to create an intense policing system of each other. Advocated by John Calvin, predestination countered ideas of determinism and free will. this caused it to spread very quickly in Europe. |
Huguenots |
Members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France, or French Calvinists from the 16th and 17th centuries. Protestants in France were inspired by the writings of John Calvin in the and the name Huguenots was already in use by the 1560s. By the end of the 17th century, roughly 200,000 Huguenots had been driven from France during a series of religious persecutions. By driving the Huguenots out of France, the increasingly |
Anabaptists |
Christians of the Radical Reformation of 16th-century Europe, Anabaptists rejected conventional Christian practices. Anabaptists required that followers be able to profess their own faith, therefore not baptizing infants. Because of this Anabaptists were heavily persecuted by Catholics and other Protestants in the 16th and 17th century. The Münster Rebellion was an attempt by radical Anabaptists to establish a communal theocracy in the German city of Münster and was under rule for 18 months. |
Cathrine of Aragon |
Queen of England as the first wife of King Henry VIII. Henry began to believe that his marriage was cursed because Catherine could not bear children. He set out to annul his marriage to Catherine as a means to find a wife that could have children. This would be the only way for Henry to secure his position as king and have heirs to the throne to succeed him. |
Act of Supremacy |
The first Act of Supremacy was a piece of legislation that granted King Henry VIII of England which means that he was declared the supreme head of the church of England and that the crown would enjoy all the powers of the powers of religious aspects. The main purpose of this act was so that Henry could get an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. |
The Elizabethan Settlement |
Elizabeth I’s response to the religious divisions created over the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I. The settlement was set out in two acts, the Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity. The Act of Supremacy 1558 revived ten Acts of Henry VIII that Mary had repealed and confirmed Elizabeth as Supreme Governor of the Church of England. The Act of Uniformity 1558, which forced people to attend Sunday service in an Anglican church. It revoked harsh laws proposed against Catholics. |
Ignatius Loyola |
Spanish theologian who founded the Society of Jesus in 1540 and was its first Superior General.Ignatius emerged as a religious leader during the Counter-Reformation. Loyola's devotion to the Church was characterized by unquestioning obedience to everything said by her hierarchy. Studied theology in Spain then in Paris during a period of anti-protestant turmoil. He and a few followers bound themselves by vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. |
Schmalkaldic War |
refers to the short period of violence from 1546 until 1547 between the forces of Emperor Charles V of Habsburg and the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League within the domains of the Holy Roman Empire, in efforts to suppress the spread of Martin Luther's ideas. Although the imperial forces were victorious over the Protestant forces of the Schmalkaldic League, the ideas of Martin Luther had spread over the Empire such that they could not be suppressed with physical force. |
Peace of Augsburg |
was a treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Lutheran princes, on September 25, 1555. It officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christendom permanent within the Holy Roman Empire. Established the principle which allowed German princes to select either Lutheranism or Catholicism within the domains they controlled, ultimately reaffirming the independence they had over their states. |
Spanish Armada |
was the Spanish fleet that sailed against England under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia in 1588, with the intention of overthrowing Elizabeth I of England to stop English involvement in the Spanish Netherlands and English privateering in the Atlantic. The fleet's mission was to sail to the Gravelines in Flanders and transport an army under the Duke of Parma across the Channel to England. The mission eventually failed due to early English attacks on the Armada. |
Concordat of Bologna |
was an agreemenbetween King Francis I of France and Pope Leo X, stated that the Pope could collect all the income that the Catholic Church made in France, while the King of France was confirmed in his right to tithe the clerics and to restrict their right of appeal to Rome. The Concordat confirmed the King of France's right to nominate appointments to benefices, enabling the Crown, to decide who was to lead the Church in France. Provided ground rules for the limited reformation in France. |
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre |
in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations, followed by a wave of Roman Catholic mob violence, both directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants), during the French Wars of Religion. Also marked a turning point in the French Wars of Religion. The Huguenot political movement was crippled by the loss of many of its prominent aristocratic leaders, as well as many re-conversions by the rank and file, and those who remained were increasingly radicalized. |
Edict of Nantes |
issued on April 13, 1598, by Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic. The main concern was civil unity and the Edict separated civil from religious unity, treated some Protestants for the first time as more than mere schismatics and heretics, and opened a path for secularism and tolerance. It marks the end of the religious wars that tore apart the population of France during the later 16th century. |
Protestant Union and the Catholic League |
The catholic league was a loose confederation of Roman Catholic German States formed in 1609 to counter the Protestant Union, participating states concluded an alliance "for the defence of the Catholic religion and peace within the Empire." The protestant union formed in 1608 was a coalition of Protestant German states that was formed in 1608 to defend the rights, lands and person of the protestant religion. |
Thirty Years War |
(1618–1648) was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power within the Empire played a significant part. A major impact of the Thirty Years' War was the extensive destruction of entire regions. |
Peace of Westphalia |
denotes a series of peace treaties signed between May and October of 1648 in Osnabrück and Münster. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) in the Holy Roman Empire, The treaties did not restore the peace throughout Europe, however. The Peace of Westphalia treaties involved the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand III, Spain, France, and Sweden. |
Jacques-Benigne Bossuet |
Bossuet was a strong advocate of political absolutism and the divine right of kings. He argued that government was divine and that kings received their power from God. He was also an important courtier and politician. |
Thomas Hobbes & Leviathan |
was an English philosopher, best known today for his work on political philosophy. 1651 book Leviathan established the foundation for most of Western political philosophy from the perspective of social contract theory. InLeviathan, Hobbes set out his doctrine of the foundation of states and legitimate governments – originating social contract theory. much of the book is occupied with demonstrating the necessity of a strong central authority to avoid the evil of discord and civil war. |
Cardinal Richelieu & d'etat |
Consecrated as a bishop in 1608, he later entered politics, becoming a Secretary of State in 1616. Richelieu soon rose in both the Catholic Church and the French government, becoming a Cardinal in 1622, and King Louis XIII's chief minister in 1624. |
Constitutionalism |
government based on a set of laws. if government doesn't follow laws, citizens can start a new one. different from a democracy but constitutionalism has the ability to turn into a type of democracy. power is shared in the form of divided government with different branches. there are highly centralized states that become more powerful than absolutist states. first proposed by John Locke. |
John Locke |
17th and 18th century who is know as the father of the enlightenment and by deemed by some as the greatest political philosopher of modern western history. his theory rests on his faith for human beings capacity for goodness and ability to be rational thinkers. he believed that the best way to protect everyone's rights is to transfer these rights to a civil government who will protect them, the main purpose of government is to protect life, liberty, and property. this led to modern western phil. |
James I |
17th century. he became impressed with the french model of absolutism. he believe England should develop something similar, he placed the king above the law and above parliament because he is the one that enforces law. he initiates a conflict between the crown and parliament and moves the church in a more catholic direction. he, along with his son are considered the real revolutionaries of England by trying to create a real absolutist state. |
Charles I |
son of James I, he expanded on his fathers thinkings and tried to put principals of divine right into effect. he believed that he could rule without consulting parliament, and tried to implement new taxes without consulting parliament. the parliament tries to contest this and the end result is that parliament eventually dissolves. |
Petition of Right |
1629, it is a landmark document is English and western constitutional history. seen in the Declaration of Independence and the American constitution. stated that only taxes levied by parliament were legal and that the king could not collect taxes without the consent of parliament (no taxation w/out representation). this puts into writing the traditions that have been practiced and respected. |
The Long Parliament |
17th century. it received its name from the fact that through an act of parliament, it could only be dissolved with the agreement of its members. parliament uses this to demand that Charles respect the petition of rights. Charles refuses to agree with them and tries to shut them down but instead parliament raises a new model army which causes a war between the royal army and parliament's army. |
Oliver Cromwell |
17th century. he was a member of parliament that led the new model army who defeated the royal army. it consisted of "round-heads" who were inspired by religious passion to do god's work. Cromwell dissolves parliament and establishes the first military dictatorship. after Charles dies parliament reinstates the monarchy and Charles II takes the crown. |
William and Mary |
this term usually refers to the co-regency over the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, of King William III and Queen Mary II. Their reign began in the 17th century when parliament called them in to replace James II and VII. this happened without a civil war as James goes to France. |
Glorious Revolution |
this refers to when James II is taken removed from the throne and is replaced by William III and Mary II. this happened without a civil war as James willingly moved to France. |
Bill of Rights |
written in the 17th century |
Caravel |
15th century. small, highly maneuverable sailing ship developed in the 15th century by the Portuguese to to explore along the west African coast and into the Atlantic Ocean. these new technological advances in ships is what makes navigation and expansion into the rest of the world possible. larger ships were modeled after the caravel that could carry enough food for longer voyages and bring back goods to make the trip possible. |
Prince Henry the Navigator |
14th and 15th century portugese prince who greatly supported expansion, he also financed many expeditions to explore new areas, and set up navigation schools. He was responsible for the early development of European exploration and maritime trade with other continents |
Juan de Supulveda |
16th century. he had opposing views with Bartholomew de las Casas. |
Price Revolution/Great Inflation company |
15th to 17th century. Creates a rise in prices (almost doubles) is due in part to an influx of gold and silver (too many people with too much money chased too few goods). Also, increased population placed greater demands on an agricultural area that had contracted significantly after the 1340's, or had been converted from arable to less intensive livestock production. (food supply was limited, driving up the prices) |
Enclosure |
Began in England and spread throughout Europe as it reshaped agricultural economy. It was attempts by large land owners to regain control of their land. They ended the practice of giving heritable leases to peasants so that when a peasant died, they could take the land back. peasants are forced off land and have to become wage workers. some become a pool of surplus labor that can be used in other economic activities. led to more efficient agricultural economy = surplus labor. |
Putting Out System |
17th and 18th century. work was contracted by a central agent to subcontractors who completed the work in their own facilities. served as a way to bypass the guild system. advantages of this was that workers could work at their own speed at home and children working in the system were better treated than they would be in factories. importance because families made more profit and depended less on extended families. they became independent. |
Jean Colbert |
17th century. achieved his reputation for his work improving the state of French manufacturing and bringing the economy back from the brink of bankruptcy. |
Mercantilism |
the idea that there is a fixed amount of wealth in the world. it is the job of every good government to increase its nation share of its wealth by pursuing certain policies that will ensure this at the expense of other nations. allows to export more and import less, certain companies are given monopolies. |
Epistemology |
Branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge. This answers important questions of how we know what we know is true. It is secular based on math, empirical observation, and rigorous methods for testing theories and gave greater weight to the new truths that science discovers. Produces a new scientific language. |
Francis Bacon (inductive reasoning) |
French lawyer and philosopher of new science. criticized scholasticism and humanism because they were wedded to tradition and abstract problems. he helped to initiate the tradition of pragmatism. Known for his theory of Inductive reasoning which stated that all truth and knowledge can only come from observations of the material world. he wanted to detach science from philosophy. he attacked false forms of knowledge that prevented people from seeing truths. |
Rene Descartes (deductive reasoning) |
17th century philosopher and theologian known for his theories of math, dualism, and deductive reasoning.he was more concerned with math which he claimed was a perfectly logical system existing independently of human experience, a pure system of logic. Humans could use their capacity for thinking to establish absolute truths that didn't rely on sensory observations of the material world because those truths could deceive you. begins by doubting everything in order to attain certainty. |
Discourse on Method |
proposed by Rene Descartes. he thought that the most reliable unshakable truths were produced through a process of logical thought that occurred wholly within the individual's mind. he outlines his method for achieving such truths - including the truth of his own existence. these truths could be demonstrated wholly on the basis of logic and were not dependent on any prior experience or evidence outside of the mind. most stable truths about all things is rational and logical thought. |
Copernicus and On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres |
15th and 16th century. offered a powerful theory based on mathematical truths that the earth revolved around the sun. Challenged the view of the sun revolving around the earth proposed by Aristotle. This went against Christian views because they thought that the Earth was the center of the universe because it was so heavy and corrupted by sin and the heavens surrounded the earth because they were light/holy. |