HIST 151 1nd Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture I. ConsequencesII. The Gettysburg AddressOutline of Current Lecture I. ConnectionsII. Ecology of MeatIII. HorsesIV. Logic of the MarketCurrent LectureI. Connectionsa. Land Grant Acti. Gave states parcels of landb. Homestead Acti. Settlers stake land on account that they’ll improve itii. If improved, get to keep itc. Pacific Railway Acti. Transcontinental rail systemsd. Previous 3 Acts enabled large scale settlemente. Makes 3-way regional dynamici. North, South, and Westf. Railroad, refrigerationg. Connection of “Old West” and west of British investment, city of Chicago, RRh. Fundamental foundation shaping westerners lives was connection, not isolationII. Ecology of Meata. Plainsi. Fort Collins1. On western edge of Great Plains2. Last 1/3 of 19th century Americans came to settle en masseii. 20 million years ago, covered Great Plains w/sea1. Geological uplift – Laramide Uplift – lasted 5-10 million years2. Raised crust about 5,000 feet3. As Rocky Mountain are rising, erosion is breaking them downThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Nebraska is deposit of 40 ft. of topsoil from erosion and distribution of mountains’ sediment4. Rocky Mountains change the weather5. Storms from Pacific, rain shadow, dry to the east6. Weather harsh7. Temperature swings 80, 90, 100 degree temperature swings8. Rainfall 9. Varied10. Liebig Law/Law of the Minimuma. In any ecosystem, organisms that survive must be able to do w/ the minimum resourcesb. Grasses i. Evolved to go dormant in dry seasons w/out dyingii. Anchoring soil so it doesn’t all fly awayiii. Holds earth togetheriv. Captured sunlight, produced calories and nutrientsc. Bisoni. Well-adapted to plainsii. By the 1600’s 20-40 million bisoniii. Turn carbohydrates into proteiniv. Bison was meat, clothing shelter, tools to native peoples1. Revered, imitated, prayed to 2. Bison created life cycles, year cyclesa. Migrationd. Peoplei. Hunters1. 50 hunters (men), 100 butchers (women)2. Summer and fall – harvest time, plenty of food3. Wintera. Bison herds scatter, Indians followii. Social Implications shaped by economy and ecology1. Community trumps individualitya. Place in working community highly valued, prized2. Didn’t have much stufa. 100’s of miles walkedb. Sense of community, status not assignede. Tradei. Plains reservoir of protein ii. Plains’ people didn’t have carbohydratesiii. Protein plains and carbohydrates Rio Grade Valley1. Set up for tradeiv. Trade rippled out1. Complex all-reaching trade systemIII. Horsesa. Revolution 1700sb. Spaniards brought themi. Difused to mountain and Plains peoplesc. Energyi. 10x the power to a human on foot1. Travel, faster, farther, longerii. Changes warfareiii. Enables to kill more than they neediv. Land Rush1. 18th century2. Mountains people rush down to plainsa. Ethnogenesis d. Tradei. Can sell bison products to far-away marketsii. Kettles, rifles, manufactured clothingiii. Makes them dependent on unknowniv. Increase control in immediate life, but dependent on foreign entiree. Statusi. More stuf, more of a distinguished level of status within the communityf. Warfare i. Comanche’s have surplus of horses1. Everyone else has shortage2. Promotes violence among the people, horse thievesii. Militarizes plainsg. Fragmentationi. 7-10 horses per personii. Starting to tip ecological balance1. Grassiii. Became more efficient to spread out, live in smaller bandsiv. Disagreed about relationship with European tradersIV. Logic of the Marketa. Butchering and stock raisingi. Live on outskirtsii. Butchers slaughteriii. Eat same dayiv. If drive them, they lose weight1. Keep closev. Aesthetics1. Tastes bad the older it getsvi. Animals brought as closevii. Local enterpriseviii. Opposite b. Destruction of Bisoni. Eastern influence and reach cuts through Plainsii. 1870 new leather-taming techniquesiii. Get to Plains, have technology, take advantage of many, many bison, lots of moneyiv. From 40 million -> almost none at allv. Eastern market put price on their hand vi. Climate, drought, grasslands1. Economic marketvii. Cattle come to Plainsviii. After Civil War1. Changes dynamicix. Plains in Northern Texas1. Millions of loose cattle2. Roundup and drive to mining towns and RR’sx. Cattle population in CO1. 140,000 in 1867  800,000 in 1880’sxi. Cattle ranches invested in by British1. 4 58 cattle cooperation’s in westxii. People make lots of moneyxiii. Still inefficient1. Shipping live animal to East coast wastes weight of animalxiv. More efficientc. Refrigeration and (Dis)assembly linei. 1868 George Hammond develops 1st refrigerated railcarii. Chicago meat packers1. 50,000 head/legs2. hooves  glue3. bone  buttons4. hide leather5. blood fertilizeriii. Philip Armour (1889)iv. 4