HIST 151 1nd Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture I Consequences II The Gettysburg Address Outline of Current Lecture I II III IV Connections Ecology of Meat Horses Logic of the Market Current Lecture I Connections a Land Grant Act i Gave states parcels of land b Homestead Act i Settlers stake land on account that they ll improve it ii If improved get to keep it c Pacific Railway Act i Transcontinental rail systems d Previous 3 Acts enabled large scale settlement e Makes 3 way regional dynamic i North South and West f Railroad refrigeration g Connection of Old West and west of British investment city of Chicago RR h Fundamental foundation shaping westerners lives was connection not isolation II Ecology of Meat a Plains i Fort Collins 1 On western edge of Great Plains 2 Last 1 3 of 19th century Americans came to settle en masse ii 20 million years ago covered Great Plains w sea 1 Geological uplift Laramide Uplift lasted 5 10 million years 2 Raised crust about 5 000 feet 3 As Rocky Mountain are rising erosion is breaking them down These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute a Nebraska is deposit of 40 ft of topsoil from erosion and distribution of mountains sediment 4 Rocky Mountains change the weather 5 Storms from Pacific rain shadow dry to the east 6 Weather harsh 7 Temperature swings 80 90 100 degree temperature swings 8 Rainfall 9 Varied 10 Liebig Law Law of the Minimum a In any ecosystem organisms that survive must be able to do w the minimum resources b Grasses i Evolved to go dormant in dry seasons w out dying ii Anchoring soil so it doesn t all fly away iii Holds earth together iv Captured sunlight produced calories and nutrients c Bison i Well adapted to plains ii By the 1600 s 20 40 million bison iii Turn carbohydrates into protein iv Bison was meat clothing shelter tools to native peoples 1 Revered imitated prayed to 2 Bison created life cycles year cycles a Migration d People i Hunters 1 50 hunters men 100 butchers women 2 Summer and fall harvest time plenty of food 3 Winter a Bison herds scatter Indians follow ii Social Implications shaped by economy and ecology 1 Community trumps individuality a Place in working community highly valued prized 2 Didn t have much stuf a 100 s of miles walked b Sense of community status not assigned e Trade i Plains reservoir of protein ii Plains people didn t have carbohydrates iii Protein plains and carbohydrates Rio Grade Valley 1 Set up for trade iv Trade rippled out 1 Complex all reaching trade system III Horses a Revolution 1700s b Spaniards brought them i Difused to mountain and Plains peoples c Energy i 10x the power to a human on foot 1 Travel faster farther longer ii Changes warfare iii Enables to kill more than they need iv Land Rush 1 18th century 2 Mountains people rush down to plains a Ethnogenesis d Trade i Can sell bison products to far away markets ii Kettles rifles manufactured clothing iii Makes them dependent on unknown iv Increase control in immediate life but dependent on foreign entire e Status i More stuf more of a distinguished level of status within the community f Warfare i Comanche s have surplus of horses 1 Everyone else has shortage 2 Promotes violence among the people horse thieves ii Militarizes plains g Fragmentation i 7 10 horses per person ii Starting to tip ecological balance 1 Grass iii Became more efficient to spread out live in smaller bands iv Disagreed about relationship with European traders IV Logic of the Market a Butchering and stock raising i Live on outskirts ii Butchers slaughter iii Eat same day iv If drive them they lose weight 1 Keep close v Aesthetics 1 Tastes bad the older it gets vi Animals brought as close vii Local enterprise viii Opposite b Destruction of Bison i Eastern influence and reach cuts through Plains ii 1870 new leather taming techniques iii Get to Plains have technology take advantage of many many bison lots of money iv From 40 million almost none at all v Eastern market put price on their hand vi Climate drought grasslands 1 Economic market vii Cattle come to Plains viii After Civil War 1 Changes dynamic ix Plains in Northern Texas 1 Millions of loose cattle 2 Roundup and drive to mining towns and RR s x Cattle population in CO 1 140 000 in 1867 800 000 in 1880 s xi Cattle ranches invested in by British 1 4 58 cattle cooperation s in west xii People make lots of money xiii Still inefficient 1 Shipping live animal to East coast wastes weight of animal xiv More efficient c Refrigeration and Dis assembly line i 1868 George Hammond develops 1st refrigerated railcar ii Chicago meat packers 1 50 000 head legs 2 hooves glue 3 bone buttons 4 hide leather 5 blood fertilizer iii Philip Armour 1889 iv 4 firms