4.12.11 week 2Lect. 4The Biology of the MindCerebellum: coordination of voluntary movement, sensory-guided movement, balance, equilibrium, non-verbal learning/ motor control/ one of the three major systems involved in motor control/ refinement of movement/ keeps us from being jittery/ vulnerable to the effects of alcohol/ involved in classical conditioningSensory motor cortex: more consciously controlled with movementThalamus: sensory processing and relay to the cortex: all sensory modalities except smell (vision, hearing, bodily senses)/ does not actually do the sensory coordination, it just do the processing/ sends information/ conveys information/ helps to retain visionHypothalamus: at the base of the brain in the middle(pituitary gland is below it)/ a dozen different nuclei/ if it is destroyed then an animal will stop eating/ if the ventral area in the hypothalamus is damaged then animals will over eat/ linked to motivation, emotion has to do with life sustaining objects, eating behavior (how and when), info. From internal organs, getting direction from the cortex, sex, aggression, tells the organism when to eat, stomach releases special hormones and brain uses it as a signal, helps to initiate behavior, organizes behaviors related to survival, act in a way to remove the period of deprivation, remove things that are uncomfortable,  fighting, feeding, fleeing, mating/ there are circuits that provide the bases for reward, things that make us feel pleasurable/ tells the body how torespond when the body is perceiving stress/ turns on the sympathetic nervous system so you can react/ controls the endocrine system/ has reward circuitsEndocrine system: release of hormones from the pituitary gland Limbic system: component of the brain/ emotion and motivation/ pituitary not part of limbic systemAmygdala: fear and anxiety/ animals can be aggressive if you stimulate amygdala/ if it is destroyed then animals won’t be fearful/ structure of limbic systemHippocampus: memory/ if it is damaged then new memory cannot be incorporated but they still remember old things/ helps to recognize where things have happened if there was an emotional connection to that thing (ex: if a person where assaulted in an elevator they will get a feeling that the elevator is unsafe)/ orchestrates experience with emotion/ wont react to something in the same way if it is damaged / if it is damaged then you can retain short term(fleeting) memory but not long term memory/ Cerebrum- the portion of the brain that sits on the brain stem, it plays a role in complex adaptive processes (learning perception etc..)Cerebral cortex (outer covering)- cortex has to scrunch itself up to fit itself into a small space/ cortex is larger in humans that rats, monkeys and chimps/ thin layer of important tissue with a lot of neuronsFour different lobesFrontal, temporal, occipital, and etc..Occipital lobe: vision/ receives areas from the thalamus and thalamus receives info from visual cortex/ visions involves color processing, retaining the image as the image moves areas of the brain are involved in different fields of vision if one area of the brain of damaged then one field of the vision can be damaged but maybe not all of your visionTemporal: hearing is processedFrontal: precentral gyrus(movement) Parietal: postcentral gyrus sensory/ damage in left side can lose sensory feeling in right sideDifferent folds separate the folds such as lateral and fisherMotor cortex: in the frontal lobe/ controls movement on opposite side of the body2 hemispheres: output (motor) and input(sensory cortex)/ there is a lot more cortical tissue devoted to fingers than leg-Two halves of the brain can function on their own but they talk to eachother through the corpus callosum-prefrontal cortex in the frontal lobes: judging, planning, decision making, processing of new memories, restraint of impulsive behavior, moral judgment, social conscience/ sort of like being mature/ involving the rational brain/ helps us plan and carry out plans/ if it is damaged then you will be more impulsive and wont censor yourselves as much/ example of the railroad worker whose brain was damaged and his personality changed he cursed more and not as kind as he use to be before the accidentDifferent areas of the brain have specialized functionsLanguage is represented in a variety of different areas/ left cerebral hemisphere is the main area of language/ language is lateralized(on one side of the brain more than another)/ Two primary areas- broca’s area(frontal lobe) the ability to comprehend but imparments in language production, can’t communicate if this area is damaged and wernicke’s area(temporal lobe) impaired in language comprehension, if this is damaged they are unable to comprehendAphasia- caused by damage to left inferior frontal lobe/ general lang. disablilityDifficulty in lang production(spoken or sign)Non-fluent, slow, laborious speechAgrammatism(deficits in grammar)A lil comprehension problemsWernicke’s aphasia (receptiveAdequate articulation (fluent) but what he is saying doesn’t make senseUse wrong words/ have a difficulty finding wordsInability to understand othersSpeech is unintelligibleReading outloud- language is something we see on the left side of the brainVisual cortex( receives words), angular gyrus (transforms visual into auditory)The eye gives info. To both sides of the brains/ if the optic chiasm is cut then the eye will only be able to process info. To one side(the same side) of the brain/ if the corpus collasum is cut you can see the object on the left but you can’t say what you are seeing because the info. Does not go to the left side of the brain(it goes to the right because your brain controls opposite sides of your body) which controls lang.-->can show you what they seen but cannot say itCorpus collasum is cut to control epileptic siezures but left and right brains cannot communicate/ left and right brain work independentlyThe ability to recognize faces is in the right hemisphere (you see it on the left) an adaptation...if you see it on the right then it goes to the left