5.15.12Cognitive and Moral DevelopmentFilm: cognitive developmentUniversals- Piaget’s theoryResearch on cognitive development in the U.SResearch on cognitive development in Papua New Guinea-a look at the role and activities of children in a gemeinshcaft cultureFocus on terms and concepts/ things that Jean Piaet- theorists who studied child intellectual development/ why do child make mistakes that they do/ similarity Sensorimotor stage- from birth to 2yrs/sensory- takes in info. Through the senses/ motor- child shows intelligence through actions(ex: can show sense of large and small byorganizing cops)/ pre-operational-builds on sensory motor but now the child uses language(ex: says what size goes first)/ concrete operational period- child is still limited about objects he can sense through his or her senses can mentally manipulate objectsand explain them/ formal operational stage- mentally operate on concrete and abstract objectsbeginning of formal operational thinking/Object permanence-used to detect sensory motors/ occurs in sensory motor period/ the realization that an object continues to exist even if they cannot be detected/ during 9mnths the infant develoopes the idea that an object exists when it is out of sight(infant will search for a hidden toy)/ it may be a memory problem and not a conceptual one if the child can’t find the toyThe baby will search for its mother before it searches for an inanimate objectthe infant mind is tuned to perceive people rather than inanimate thingsPreoperational stageConcrete operational stage- the same number or amount will stay the same no matter shape/ some children develop fast or slow it’s not the age that matters it’s a question of stage not age(every child goes through the stage)Conservation-things that do not change/ (ex: the shape changes but the amountstays the same but the child will think that the amount will changed if you put it in a different shape the children are not conserving the amount of water)Formal operational stageVygotsky- theorists who focuses on the role of the environment Emotions contribute to cognitive development: strong at the beginning of life when babies form attachments to caregivers/ the child is very unhappy when the mother or father leaves so this says they are emotional attachment/ attachment can help a baby develop sensory motor developments/ adults can play a vital role in nurturing cognitive develop (ex: mother can help baby carry out a complex act)Shouldn’t try to speed up a child’s developmentEach stage builds on previous oneIntellectual development across culture early stages are more universally cultural thanthe later stages/ culture influences stages(cognitive development)Papoa ex: older kids give concrete operational explanationsTwo cultural pathways of cognitive developmentGemeinshaft: replication, contextualied, embodied cognition(ex: counting systemeach number represented by a part of the body and it’s contextualized because the same body part is used for the same number so it’s the situational context that tells you if your talking about a body part or a number but this system is not very good when they started going to gesellschaft marketing)ex: Papoa New Guinea moving from gemeinshaft to gesellschaft/ learning environment of gemeinshaft: informal, education out of schoolGesellschaft: constructing novelty, extrapolation (go beyond info. Given), more abstract cognition detached from bodySaxe research design: Group 1 has the most experience with commerce & group 4 has the least/ how diddifferent groups deal with calculation? 2 strategies:Global strategies: counting on the body was not very effectiveBody-part substitution strategy: used by the group that was most experienced with commerce/ one verbal and one physical/ not a corresponded with the body part and the name/ moreabstract/ removed body part names from the body part itself/ used by trade store owners more frequentlyCognition of the physical world-(ex: the water or gummy bear example in the film)Moral DevelopmentWhat develops: right and wrong in thought (moral reasoning)Kohlberg’s TheoriesLevel 1: preconventionalReasoning based on individual needsConventionalPostconventionalEx: Sample kohlberg dilmma used to assess level of moral reasoningUnlike Piates stages the moral stages do not follow the exact same sequence/ the levels are rearranged based on cultural pathways(ex: gemeinschaft and gesellschaft)/ stages are all verbal and they start much later/Sociodemographics are what are important in determining a pathway of developmentEach pathway is adapted to a different type of sociodemographic environmentEx of gemeinschaft: homogenousEx of gesellschaft: heterogenousResolution to differences (resolution to conflicting norms)A formal legal system and individual principlesChoices based on principle are post-conventionalChoices based on responsibility to another person is Conventional ( more adapted to