4.24.12 lect. 7 Week 4Leaning: relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experienceAssociative learning: learning that involves relations between events: between two or more stimluli, between a stimulus and a resonse, or betweena a response and its consequencesClassical (Pavlovian/respondent) conditioning: something will bring about a responseOperant (instrumental) conditioning: we are doing something to bring up a consequence for what we aredoingUC-foodUR-salivaryNS-metronomeNS becomes CSPavlov- physicianClassical conditioning: organism comes to associate two stimuli/ a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a respose that anticipates and pAcquisition phase: initial learning/ neutral stimulus with an ucs so that the ns comes to elicit a conditioned responseFood is unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned responseNeutral stimulus will become conditioned stimulusPair the tone with the foodResponse becomes conditioned response/ response is always the sameTiming is critical/Delayed conditioning: just before the tone terminates, the food is presentedTrace conditioning: the animal has to trace a memory of the tone/ waits a lil while before presenting foodSimultaneously: both food and tone is presented/ least effective/ the tone is not providing a good predictor for the foodBackwards: present food before tone/ tone does not provide a predictive value/ not effectiveExtinction: conditioned response goes away. cs presented w/o ucsSpontaneous recovery: reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished cr/ the weakened return of the cr following the passage of time without exposure to the csStimulus generalization: the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the csto elicit similar responses/ responses originally conditioned to a specific stimulus also occur when similarstimuli are presentedStimulus discrimination: the learned ability to distinguish between a cs and other stimuli that do not signal an uc/ leaning to respond to specific stimuliThese associations are experienced very early on in life/ get ingrained and incorporated/ explicitcan actually describe events/ implicit don’t recall them but show that learning has taken place by behavior/ don’t remember why or how you show that response because it was learned in early lifeOperant conditioning: operates (acts) on environment/ produces consequencesRespondent behavior: occurs as an automatic response to stimulus/ behavior learned through classical conditioningDo something and consequences not so pleasant then you won’t do it again/ operating on your environment and responding to itShaping behaviorReinforcing consequence/ reinforcing make it more likely that we will repeat a behaviorPositive reinforcing: makes it more likely that we will repeat a behaviorNegative reinforcing: repeat a behavior because we want to avoid a consequenceLaw of effect (thorndike)Skinner: developed behavioral technologyWe have certain stimulus that will provoke a response and certain consequences (reinforcers) that increases likelihood of responseSkinner box: a chamber with a bar or key that an animal manipulates/ understand relationship ofbehavior and consequencePositive reinforcement: reinforce that produces an increase in behavior by producing pleasure orsatisfactionNegative reinforcement: reinforce that produces and increase in behavior that removes displeasure or dissatisfaction/ removing something negative ex: by bar pressing it reduces that shockPunishment: an event that decreases the behavior that it follows/ it depends on what you want the outcome to beThreat of Spanking can be a negative reinforce because it stops a behavior the more you spankPunishment reducing a behaviorShaping; the process in which reinforces guide behavior toward closer and closer approximationsof the desired goal (method of successive approximations)/ every time it gets closer, you reinforce itExtinction and spontaneous recovery: Discriminative stimulus: stimuli that lead to reinforcement but not others that do notStimulus control: a condition in which a specific stimulus can reliably produce a behaviorReinforcePrimary reinforce: food, water, life sustaining, comfort, the basic things we need to survive, an innately reinforcing stimulus, biological needSecondary (conditioned) reinforce: give us biological needs along the way/ ex: money, tokens, praise, smile etc../ a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with primary reinforce/ can trade money for things we enjoySchedules of reinforcementContinuous: give a reinforce every time response occurs/ easier to extinctionPartial: reinforcing a response only part of the time. Results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinctionFixed ratio (every so many), variable ratio(after an unpredictable number), fixed interval, variableintervalVariable ratio: things like gamblingRatio: numberInterval: changes in timeFixed ratio: highest response in short period of timeFixed interval: next highest response Provide a stronger learning response that is harder to extinguishWays to decrease behavior: positive and negative punishmentDifferences between classical and operant conditioningIntrinsic motivation: desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effectiveExtrinsic motivation: desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishmentObservational learning: learning by observing othersBandura’s experiment: bobo doll experimentchildren copy adultsChild imitating adult/ we look for role modelsA lot of what we learn is not just based on rewardsProsocial behaviorPositive, constructive, helpful behavior/ opposite of antisocial behaviorMEMORYMemory is based on experience and learning/ learning has persisted over time through the storage retrieval of info.Flashbulb memory: a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or eventEncoding: the processing of info. Intot he memory systemStorage: the retention of encoded info. Over timeRetrieval: the process of getting info.We have to have sensory apparatus to get info. Into the brainSensory receptors (iconic): sensory info. Is held long enough to be transduce into neural impulseShort term memory (sensory memory): hold it there for a short period of time/ if we don’t hold it there long enough if will fade/ if you rehearse that info. It will be held there longer/ can be momentary/ held long enough for