4.24.12PSYCH 10MIDTERM 1 STUDY GUIDEPsychology is a scienceExperiments vs correlational studiesExperimentcontrolling variables and measure resulting outcome/ indep. variable is being manipulated and dependent variable is what the experimenter measuresCorrelational studies observe how two variables co-varyMind and BrainMind arises from the brain/ you can have a brain without a mindPeripheral and central nervous systemsPeripheral autonomic and somaticAutonomic self-regulated/ digestion, dilated pupilsSomatic sensory and motor neuronsAutonomic sympathetic(fight or flight) and parasympathetic(calm/ resting state)Neuroncell body, dendrite (many of them), one axon(sends info.), myelin(fatty tissue)/ ends of the axon release neurotransmitters/ targets can be another neuronAction potential propagated with in the axon/ change of voltage in the axon/ constant negative restingpotential no message being sentWhat ions float in?Sodium floats in and potassium floats outSodium channels close in resting stateDepolarized- reaches the threshold and will create the action potentialAxon hillock- where the cell body meets the axonChemical messengers: neurotransmitters and hormonesNeurotransmitter takes effect once it reaches another’s dendritesHormone: reaches the bloodstream/ can be released by neurons or glandsNorepinephrine and epinephrine can be neurotransmitter or hormone but how it gets to where it needs to go is what differentiates in from a neurotransmitter or hormoneNeuroanatomyForebrain: cerebral cortex, corpus collosum, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamusCerebral cortex: animals have less surface area/ aids in perception and thoughtCorpus collosum: a lot of axons that communicates left hemisphere to right hemisphereBasal ganglia: motor learningThalamus: touch sensation, vision etc. passes through here/ relay stationHypothalamus: regulating hormones, seeking a mate, feeding, fighting, fleeting, and matingCerebellum: motor coordination/ classical conditioningMedulla: controls breathing, heartbeatFrontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobeOccipital lobe: visionFrontal lobe: personality/ not fully developed until your 19 allows you to plan ahead and figure consequences/ precentral gyrus(primary motor cortex), postcentral gyrus(sensation)Parietal lobe: body sensationTemporal lobe: auditory processingLanguage: frontal lobe, lower region of motor cortex/ lateralized in the left hemisphereBroca’s aphasia: problem with speech production/ problems finding the right wordsWernicke’s aphasia : problems with comprehension/ can still speak fluently but is nonsensible/ sentences don’t make senseCorpus collosum: cut it to stop seizures from spreading/ two independent brains working/ right visual field gets processed in the left so we can talk about them/ can’t verbalize what’s in the left visual field but you can touch it because it’s controlled by the right brainConsciousness and sleep:Structure: foreground(capture our attention)/ background( continuing constant thoughts related tot ime and place, personal identity)/ aerial perspective(observing our own conscious thought processesthought about what you thought)Consciousness: paying attention to myself and environmentSelective attention: focuses on some stimuli to the exclusion of othersCocktail party effect: ability to attend to only one voice among manyDual processing: high road (more conscious deliberate thought), low road( unconscious and automatic)Light helps re-set the circadian clock(24hr): the suprachiasmatic nucleus resets the circadian rhythm Brain wave patternsWakefulness: betta waves high frequency(distance between the peaks), low amplitude(height)/ fast and irregularSleep: decrease in frequency of brain waves, delta wavesAwake and relax: higher amplitude and slowerStage 1: drowsy, hypnogogic, floating hallucinations, alpha waves more prominentStage 2: light sleep, nocturnal jerk, alpha waves disappear, sleep spindles(burst of waves)Stage 3: synchronized brain waves, slower, flowy, delta waves predominateStage 4: deep sleep, coma like state, night terrors and sleep walking, slow delta waves make up more than 50% of EEGREM sleep: toward stage 1, low amplitude, fast and regular beta waves, desynchronized EEG, intense autonomic activity, muscular paralysis, occurrence of dreams, paradoxical sleepNo REM sleepHeart, stomach, greater risk of obesity, bad joints, lose tone in muscles, REM rebound- people deprived of REM get more REM the next time you sleepSleep cycle is 90min/ stage 4 decreases and REM increases with each stage cycleSensation and perceptionStimulusreceptorsbrainTransduction: conversion of physical or chemical stimulus into electrochemical messages for transmission as nerve impulses to brain/ in between receptor and brain stageBottom-up: taken all the sensation and send signals then brain interprets it/ think about words, then ideas, then themes(opposite for top-down)Top-down: higher mental processes that influence what you’re sensing/ drawing on experiences and expectationsAbsolute threshold: the minimal stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus(light, sound, pressure, taste, odor) 50% of the timeDifference threshold: just noticeable difference/ the minimum difference that a person can detect between two stimuliSignal detection theory: predict how and when we detect the presence of faint stimulus amid background noise. Assumes that there is no single absolute threshold and detection depends on a person’s experience, expectation, motivation, level of fatigueSensory adaptation: diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation(unchangingstimulation)VisionLens: how much your focusing on something the lens is going to bend and help you focus in on how muchRetina: photoreceptors/ cells that are taking in the light/ the process begins for processing visual info. Layer of the retina: light hits the back of the eye toward the cons and rods then to the bipolar cells into the ganglion cells then the axon then goes through the optic nerve and creates the blind spotPhotoreceptors: less cons(located in center of the retina, color sensitive and detail Trichamatic color theory3 types of conesred, blue, and greenWavelength difference blue is short, red is long, and green is mediumAllows discrimination and perceptionFeature detection: nerve cells in the visual cortex respond to specific features, like edges, angle, and movement/ separate