6.5.12Personality-people’s typical way of thinking, feeling, and behavingBabies do have a personality when they’re bornthey have predispositions trait-relatively enduring predisposition that influences our behavior across many situations/ part of the personality/ ex: lazycuases of personalitytwin and adoption studies suggest that many personality traits are heritablepoint to a key role for nonshared environment, but not shared environment, for adult personalitygenes do not code for a behavior, the genes code as proteins and the proteins react and pose as a behaviorgenetic-identical twins have higher correlations of personality traits than fraternal twins so genetics play a roleshared environmental factors-expect to people in the same family(shared factor—effect personality equality)/ effects personality in the same way/ plays little or no role in personality/ identical twins raised together have a lower correlation of personality traits than identical twins raised a partnon shared environmental factors-events specific to the individual(ex: the mom gives one sibling more attention than the other)/ plays a huge role in personalitypsychoanalytic theory: the legacy of Sigmund freud3 assumptionsPsychic determinism-we do not choose our acts/ the unconscious forces are driving our actions/ we do not have free will behaviors are determined outside of us/ al ot of things that happened in the past/ without this there isn’t a cause and effectSymbolic meaning- there’s nothing trivial/ always looking for the underlying meaning/ ex: if someone smokes cigars I only smoke the huge big cigars so freudwill say you are sexually unsatisfiedUnconscious motivation-motivated by forces outside of our awarenessEgo- driven by the reality principle/ post-pone gratification/ ultimate executorSuperego-boundary between the conscious and unconscious/ things underneath water are unconscious/sense of morality(right and wrong)/ watching the whole thing between id and ego/ around all the timeimposing the sense of morality/ you are a psychopath if you do not have the superego/ listening to what’s right and wrongId- sort of like the kid / driven by the pleasure principle/ immediate gratification/There is an unconscious struggle that causes distress/ this distress comes out in dreamsdreams are showing a wish fulfilled(this is only part of the truth)Freudian slips- your words say what’s really going on in the unconscious/ you’re not aware of itDefense mechanismsWhen the ego is threatened it unconsciously does something that subdues the stressThey are essential to be psychologically healthy/ the anxiety of life would be too much if we didn’t have them/ too many of them could result in problemsRepression- something is too painful so it’s forgotten/ too threatening to the ego(ex: witnessed adeath)/ causes infenitle amnesiatoo stressful being a baby so you won’t remember itDenial-motivated forgetting of distressing external experiencing/ see in schizo because they denystressful things that seem very real/ happens in grieffirst thing you do/ happens in addiction because you deny the painful consequences Regression-returning to an earlier younger stage/ a psycologcially safer stage/ ego defends itself from stuff that’s coming upReaction formation-unconsicous emtion that is unacceptable to your ego and it promotes anxiety so it turns into the opposite thing(ex: the higher levels of homophobia the more their erection grew)/ turn it into it’s opposite Projection-seeing what you don’t like in yourself in someone else/ people that are paranoid unconsciously want to hurt other people so they project it out and see that other people want tohurt them/ (ex: you are the cheater but you tell someone else they are because you feel guilty)Displacement- directed unacceptable impulse on to something else/ (ex: taking out anger on the dog)Rationalization-providing a reasonable-sounding explanation for unreasonable behavior or for failures/ (ex: you get cut from the team so you say it’s a blessing because you did not have time)Intellectualization-avoiding the emotions associated with anxiety-provoing experiences by focusing on abstract and impersonal thoughts/ (ex: a woman finds out that her husband is cheating on her so you intellectualize it by saying that it is scienitfally proven that husbands are promiscuous so you remove the emotions)Identification with the aggressor- process of adopting the characterisitcs of idnividuals we find threatening/ (ex: the hostages like their captors)/ relieves anxiety because you see the enemy differentlySublimation- transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired goal/ (ex: a bully turns into a professional boxer)Freud’s Psychosexual stagesPersonality develops through a series of stages that are associated with a sexually stimulated body partOral stage- when you’re a baby/ sucking and drinking/ the mouth is the aragonious zoneAnal stage- expelling human wasteFallacy stage- penis or clitoris/ boys love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as rivalsLatent stageGenital stage- adult hood/ adult pleasures of adulthoodIf you get fixated at a certain level you got too much or too little gratification and it will be associate with problem/ you must get through all of your stagesPsychoanalytic theory evaluated scientifically( 5 major criticisms of freuds theoryUnfalsifiability- if you can’t prove it wrong then you can’t prove it true/ not usefulFailed predictionsWhere is the unconscious? And researches don’t suLack of generalizabilityhis research was done on a small, specific groupImplies a shared environment but that’s not the case Carl Jungs theoryCollective unconscious-store house of shared memories that get passed down through our genes(ex: archetypesthe mother or goddess or hero that become part of our genes)/ it’s questionable that these are geneticBehavioral views of the causes of personalityBehaviors come from what we’ve learnedObtain personality based on our habitsStrict behavioral view/ it doesn’t matter what you’re thinking/ personality is a set of habits/ personality does not cause behaviorSocial learningCognitive aspectslearn through imitation/ ads the cognitive to the behavioral view Reciprocal determinism-we neutrally influence each otherThese(behavioral and social learning theory) are more scientific than what freud did/ we can testthese things/ more measurable/ social learning