5.31.12Social Psychology ContinuedBystander nonintervention decision treeNotice the incident? --> interpret as emergency or don’t helpassume responsibility or no help try to help or no helpWe tend to look at other people to decide whether it’s an emergency if you’re not aloneIf there are a lot of people around everyone gets a tiny piece of responsibility/ it there are only a small amount of people around then you’re responsibility is largerSocial influence module 44Group influence/ others’ presenceSocial loafing: the presence of others can decrease our performance in certain situationsbecause the individual is not being evaluated/ individual effort pooled and not evaluatedj no evaluation apprehension no arousalloafing/ decreases as the size of the group increasescontribution is easier to disguise Ex: slacker in a groupSocial facilitation: the presence of others can increase our performance in certain situations/ individual effort evaluatedevaluated apprehensionarousal facilitationEx: when other kids are around the kid fishes betterSometimes arousal can make you do worse depending on the dominant responseif you’re already good at it you will perform better amongst a group but if you’re already worse at it you will do worseGroup polarizationThe tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions of individual members/ driven by conformityif you are in a group of like minded people you believewhat you already believe and in a group you hear other reasons that you never though of (information influencethe desire to be right) / you’ll believe something even more after discussing itbecome polarized in the direction you already believeTwo heads are not always better than onewhat does that mean?Prosocial relationsAttraction and love: what leads to attraction..Proximity-we tend to be attracted to those that are physically near us/ the fact that we have been exposed to something even though we’re not conscious of it, we’ll still like it better/ when we see something familiar , we feel safer and know what we’re in forMirror exposure effect- we prefer a picture of ourselves in mirror image because it is what we’re use to seeing/ we like the familiarSimilarity-we like ourselves so we like other people that are like us/opposites don’t attractReciprocity-we reciprocate naturally/ I did something for you so what are you going to do for me Physical attractiveness-what is beautiful is goodpeople who are attractive are seen as more intelligible, successful etc../males place more emphasis on looks and youthful and woman care about status stability(it can be due to social roles or evolutionary perspectives)/ cross culturally men tend to agree on what is attractive and what isn’tThe more faces you average up the better you’ll rate it than individual faces there’s nothing on their face that stands out as different so it’s beautiful(familiarity)Evolutionary influences-Social roles-Preference for average faces-Love: Passionate love: love marked by powerful, even overwhelming, longing for one’s partnerCompanionate love: love marked by a sense of deep friendship and fondness for one’s partnerAccording to sternberg’s model of love, the major love elements are intimacy, passion, and commitment=consummate loveNo passion or intimacy is liking/see slide for the restHelping othersWhy we help: social exchange theoryWe’re guided by egoistic motiveswhat we can get out of it (internal rewards etc..)Altruism? Do people help with no thought of rewardSocial norms: men die in place of women/ men help women far more often so what is it about this gender role normis it moral? Is it because they have children? Is it the same in modern times?Social responsibility norm: expected to help people that need helpWhen we’re more likely to helpWhen we have time to, are in a good mood, have been exposed to research on bystander nonintervention, perceive the other as similar to them(help people that are like us)How to define similar group membership/ how we define similar can depend on whether we’ll help or notPrejudice, stereotyping, and discriminationMinimal group paradigm: there’s an “us” and a “them” you judge people who are in another group/ we categorize very easily which has a lot to do with prejudice, stereotyping, and discriminationStereotype: a belief, positive or negative, about the characteristics of member of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group/ can lead to prejudicePrejudice: drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence/ can lead to discriminationDiscrimination: negative behavior toward members of outgroupsWe want to group things up In-group bias: tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from the outside our groupOut-group homogeneity: tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar/ they’re really all the sameImplicit prejudice: people unconsciously give prejudice associations/ not aware of beliefsRecognition accuracy: whites recognize white faces more often than black faces and vice versaCauses of prejudiceScapegoat hypothesis: our need to blame another group for our own misfortunesJust-world hypothesis: people get what they deserve/ the world is fair and if those people have ahard time it’s because that is what is supposed to happen to them so it’s just/ if you’re the one who has all the power it’s easy to be guided by this “just-world” hypothesisConformity: prejudice is socially accepted so people will go along with itSocial identity theory: we all see self-esteem and we’ll do that through our own accomplishmentbut if that doesn’t work we’ll derive our self-esteem through the groups we belong to / our group is on top/ identification with a prideful group If we fail it’s something situational and if it’s good then it’s because of who we areRealistic group conflict: there is a conflict for scarce resources/ one group gets more and the other gets less/ struggle for resourcesRelative deprivation: keeping up with the Jones’/ feel deprived relative to the group around us ex: if poor people were around others with less they wouldn’t feel as deprivedStereotype threatconsequence of prejudiceThe fear of confirming a negative stereotype about your own group/ what you expect to happen will lead to performance deficit which perpetuates the