6.7.1040-52modules 90% of the exam..know what’s on the slide even if he didn’t get to them/ get details on the topics from the book mentioned in lecture/ lecture heavyPsychological Disorders (modules 47-51)-thninking of Mental illnessPsychopathology: a healthy adaptationMental illness-Not an even or proposition it’s on a continuum/ it’s bound to space and time(ex: a disorder of slaves that tried to escape their masters)Something is abnormal or normal depending on the situation(ex: a girl dancing on a table would be normal during a table)/ defining abnormal is tricky/ fluid and hard to defineDefining a mental disorderStatistical rarity: how unusual it is /if it’s rare it’s abnormal but nothing works good because depressionis more common but it’s a mental disorderSubjective distress: the person having it does not like it but sometimes people do like it(ex: creative people like being by-polar)Impairment: interferes with your life/ but some things impair you but it’s not a disorder(ex: laziness)Societal disapproval: but this is culture bound (ex: homo. Use to be Biological dysfunction: physiological are effectiveNone of these things can describe disorders by themselvesDemonic model: odd behaviors are seen as the result of evil spirit so they did witch huntsMedical model: looked at it as a disorder not something that is a result of evil spirits/ putpeople in a place of safety but these places were really terrible and they weren’t truly safe so people wer treated poorly ex: blood letting, put people in a sylum, scare people out of mental disorderMoral treatment: mental patients treated with kindnessStill no effective treatmentDuring the 50’sDeinstitutionilation: use medicine instead of hospital but medicine doesn’t work for everyone so it lead to a lot of homeless people/ sometimes side effects of medicine doesn’t work so people don’t take medicine /Medicine that decreased symtoms of schizophrenicSome diagnosis are bound to culture Kiro-believe that genitals are shrinking and going into abdomen only seen in china and a few other countries/ this is culturally social contagious(others think itaround you so you will think itEating disorders are specific to the U.S and EuropeSome are not culture bound Schizophrenic, alcoholic, and personality disorderDiagnose in the modern dayDSM4: 17 classes of disorder/ use criteria(ex: the person has exhibit 5 of these 7 symptoms so they are diagnosed/ it’s very subjective)/ rule out physical causes(shouldn’t leap to psychiatric symptoms)/ code diagnosis on 5 axis5 axis: use 5 axis to write report on clinical assessment(look at slide!)CritiquesCategorical model: either or thinking is not realistic when it comes to mental health/ 5 out of 7, yes or no, can’t be betweenHigh levels of comorbidity: 2 disorders at the same timeNot all criteria are based on scientific data: a lot of psychiatrist get in a committee and they decide on what gets on the book/ they are likely to change and subject to influence/ impact of society on committeeAnxiety disorders 48Anxieties can be helpful sometimes but when they get heightened too much then they become a problem/ a lot of worryingA third of people will have this disorderEx. Of disorders that have anxiety somatoform disorder: something that appears toahave physcial but it’s psychologicalhypochondriasis: for every little ache they tend to jump right to something seriouscan effect the interpretation of ambiguous stimulithe anxious subjects tend to write down the negative words but non anxious subject don’t hear it as a negative wordGeneralized anxietyFeeling very worried, having trouble sleeping, irritability, 60% of each day is spent worrying/ mental health as a continuum because a normal person spends 18% of time worryingMore prevalent of females and Caucasian, middle aged, alcoholics, drug abuserPanic disorder: scared, sweaty, people think they’re dying, brief (10min. or less)/ have tohave more than one panic attackPhobia: most common disorder, Agoraphobia: fear of being in a place where it will be difficult to escape if a panic attack happens/ being in a place where you can’t get out of it if you have a panic attackSocial phobia: people fear public speaking more than death, fear of public appearance where you might feel embarrassed or humiliatedPosttraumatic stress disorder: happens after a trauma, have to experience or witness a stressful event/ has to last a long time for it to become a disorder/ flashback, trouble sleeping, dreamsObsessive-compulsive disorder: the obsession is the mental (thoughts) and the compulsion is the actions or behaviors of it/ an unwanted thing, you have to not like your obsession(ex: germs)/ compulsion is what you do to relieve the obsessionrelieve the stressAnxiety disorders are highly learned as opposed to by-polar and other disordersExplanations for anxiety disordersMalfunction in the brain for people with obsessive compulsive disorders but anxiety disorders are mostly things that are learned/ Anxiety disorders are created through classical and maintained(perpetuated) through operant conditioning/ you are afraid of girls(classical) and you avoid girls(operant, reinforced)Can happen through observational learning/ can learn to be afraid of thing through other peopleHigher neuroticism then you’re more likely to have anxietygenetic componentMood disorders 49Major depressive disorder: more common in women/ most common mood disorder/ a lot of suicides that occur are a result of depression/ have trouble enjoying anything and lose interest in the things you normally find interestingDepressive episodesLoss of energy, thoughts of suicide, weight loss and sleep difficulties, eat too much or too littleBiopsychosocial modelIt’s a social issue because it interferes with can cause people not to be around you and you may not appreciateLoss of reinformcemt: if you don’t get rewards(enjoying) for thing use to get rewards from so you lose interest in itErin Beck’s cognitive model: distortion in thining and beliefs that cause and maintain depression/ negative views about yourself, others, world, and the future/ negative shemas(neg. thinking)Learned helplessness: learned to be helpless because every time you try to do something to get out of the situation it won’t happen so you give up tryingGenetic: serotonin, dopamine, etc.. have to do with depression/ medications for depletion of neurotransmittersanti-depressantDepressive realism: have