Depth Perception: Enables us to judge distances; more or less innate human infants/newborn animals show to have some sort of depth perceptual- it makes evolutionary senseGibson and Walk so visual cliff experimentThe difference in behavior is noticeable between going over the solid board or being faced with the visual cliffDifferent ways to judge depth: We see in 3d even though our retinas are 2dPerceptual Organizaition: Depth PerceptionDepth perception:Ability to see objects in three dimensionsAllows to judge distance (the closer it is you will have a different view of an object if you close one eye)Binocular cues: Cues derived from having 2 eyesdepend more for close up; convergence of eyesBinocular cues do not work with monocular cuesMonocular Cues: depend more for far awayRelative size: smaller image is more distance (picture with tiny people v larger objects=distance)InterpositionRelative clarity: hazy object seen as more distantTexture: coarse texture looks closer fine textures look more distantRelative height: higher objects seen as more distantRelative motionLinear perspective: parallel lines like rail road tracts when further away seem to convergeImage with 2 scary looking dudes- they are the same size but since the image is in the back we think it must be larger; you assume since its further away and was the same size it would be smaller but its our eye perceiving the allusionPerceptual constancy: perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and lightness variesLightness (brightness) constancy: the perceived lightness depends on relative luminance- the amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundingswe are not objective we go on our misguided perceptionsLEARNING*Learning is important virtually all animal lifeit’s a unique feature of animal lifeTextbook definition: adaptation through experience- you learn about your environment/behavior and learn to behave in a way to maximize good outcome and avoid bad outcomeIn other ways humans and animals adapt to changing environmentsThey can change their behaviorThey can change cognitive processes (thoughts, ideas) that give rise to behavior – its an intermediate step that ultimately leads to a change in behavior- how do we know something learned if there is no change in behaviorBehavior definition of learning: learning is an enduring change in behaviorBehavior definitions must distinguish changes in behavior due to learning from learning from those due to physical, physiological and developmental changesCognative definition of learning: Learning is the formation of a novel mental structure [that is only indirectly manifest in behavior]We don’t live in chaos, if we did we wouldn’t be able to learn. Learning is dependent on cause and effectThere is always a cause for an event or effect; there are reasons for anything; effects never occur without a causeEffects do not occur before the causeCausal relationships are not arbitrary, accidental, or indiscriminateEvents to do not stand in causal relations because of an animal’s biology but because of environmental constraints;Sensitivity to the relationships in your environment is critical to survival and reproductive fitness; if you can learn how to maximize survival and avoid negative environmental relationships lead to better survival fitness*Humans: most of what you do is automatic (quote from powerpoint); you can learn about things in your environment without consciously reacting to themWe assume that causes can be ascertained to produce specific effects, we assume determinism (is this wrong?)* Elicited Behavior and Nonassociative learning-Reflexes: Receptorsensory neuron muscle (simplest cause/effect relationship)- Reflexes are innate- repeated stimulus will decrease reflex reactionTypes of reflexes:Patellar reflexPupillary reflexWithdrawal/flexion reflex (stepping on sharp object)Head turning reflex in infantsRespiratory occlusion reflexEvolutionaryHabituation (cat example): importance and pervasiveness; you habituate to the stimuli that you habituateCat feeding started by baby noise startle responseEventually the cat’s startle response slackensHabituation serves as another filter by which you can learn to ignore stimulation that is not important to your world- important for survival, not biologically relevant: you would be in a constant state of distraction/fascinationSense organ: Sensory adaptorCNS (habitual sense; nonassociative learning)Effector (muscle/gland)Muscle fatigue can result in less responsiveness: cant stand up, do not get scared= not a learning effect it’s a physical effectHow do you know if it is habituation: Put in effect dishabituation experiment to cancel out other possible reasons for a decrease in reaction (deafness, fatigue, learning)Sensitization: an increase of response (opposite of habituation)Same tone in each case: low background noisehabituation; loud back ground noise sensitization (ex horror films)You are in a heightened level of emotional sensitivity; you become more responsive to your environment in general, doesn’t mean that your senses are better, your just more likely to respond to any stimulusEX) Hermit Crab experiment: Startle response to visual stimulusFirst time there is a fear response (hides into shell)Respond stops with habituationDishabituation response: Hermit carb experimentPlay a loud sound before the stimulus, replay the visual, fear response comes back. They start responding again because they are more arousedCLASSICAL CONDITIONING-The first branch of associative learning: classical conditioning (Pavlovian learning) and instrumental conditioning (operant learning); focusing on Pavlovianlearning the relationship between two or more stimuli/actionscombine events because in the world there is a causal structure and if we can predict food, sex,…. Be aware of the relationships that lead to good or bad we can learn to maximize/avoid-VideoWhat causes saliva to produce (Pavlov)Salivation reflex: dog salivates when its tongue touches foodHowever the dog became accustomed to the experiment and began to salivate before the food arrivedExperimenter presents audio stimuli (ticking) and screen so the dog couldn’t see what was happeningGod associates ticking with food; they learn the stimuli that precedes food; learns the relationship between events and its environment- classical conditioningCan take place outside of conscious awarenessLow level of common learning mechanisms that we