PSYCH 10 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide BIOLOGY OF MINDThe Nervous System- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)o Autonomic (less engaged by voluntary control and less subject to conscious awareness) Sympathetic NS (arousing) - if engaged, your pupils dilate, accelerates heartbeat, inhibits digestion, stimulates glucose release by liver, stimulates secretion of epinephrine, norepinephrine, relaxes bladder, stimulates ejection Parasympathetic NS (calming) – if engaged, constricts the pupil, slows heartbeat, stimulates digestion, stimulates gallbladder, contracts bladder, stimulates erection of sex organso Somatic- controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles - Central Nervous System (CNS)o brain and spinal cordBrain Structures:- Frontal Lobe: complex cognition, inhibition of other structures, planning of movements, some aspects of memory, inhibition of inappropriate behavior. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Parietal Lobe: Body Sensations- Occipital Lobe: where visual processes occur- Temporal Lobe: Primary auditory cortex- Cerebrum: Plays a role in complex adaptive behavior (learning, perception, motivation)- Cerebral Cortex: The layer of neural tissue covering the reset of the brain- Corpus Callosum: unifies the two hemispheres- Longitudinal Fissure: separates the two hemispheres of the brain- Central Fissure: Runs ear to ear across the top of the brain- Postcentral gyrus: primary somatosensory cortex (on parietal lobe)- Precentral gyrus: Primary motor cortex (on frontal lobe)- Amygdala/Striatum: Reward seeking emotion- Optic Chiasm: Part of the brain where the optic nerves partially crossCase Studies:- Phineas Gage:o Rod severed frontal lobe= amygdala (primal motivation) was not inhibited; case showed signed that frontal lobe controlled emotional behavior (censoring, inhibiting, serious processing), prioritizing and other social norm behavior- Split brain patients:o Severed corpus callosum disconnect between the two hemispheres (no immediately identifiable change in person)o Visual study discovered importance of hemispheric communication in interpreting images from either visual field.o In split brain patients: If an object is in the right visual field information is sent to the left hemisphere (where language is predominantly located) and image can be verbally labeled If object is in the left visual field information is sent to the right hemisphere, but unable to travel to the left- language- hemisphere= no verbal labeling possible (cannot say what they saw, they simply do not know, don’t recall seeing anything) However, if prompted to use their left hand (controlled by the right hemisphere which at this point holds the information) the person can draw or point out the correct image without consciously being aware of what or why they were performing the action Language and Hemispheric Specialization- How we know about hemispheric specialization:o Clinical observation: Brain tumors, brain damage, diseaseo WADA Test: anesthetization of one cerebral hemisphereo Surgical Procedures: split brain procedure- Broca’s Aphasia: caused by damage to the left inferior frontal lobe, lower region of the motor cortexo Difficulty in language production (spoken or sign)o Non-fluent, slow, laborious speech (telegraphic)o Agrammatism (defects in grammar)o Anomia (difficulty finding words)o Adequate comprehension, though not normal- Wernicke’s Aphasia: Caused by damage to the left superior temporal gyrus and adjacent parietal lobeo Adequate articulation (fluent and unlabored)o Poor comprehensiono Difficulty fining wordso Paraphasia ( wrong words or usage of words)o Inability to turn thoughts into wordso Impairment in recognition of spoken wordso Unintelligible speech Neurons:- Cell Body: The cells life support (center)- Dendrites: receive messages from other cells- Axon: Passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands- Axon Hillock: cell body-axon junction- Neural impulse: action potential; electric signal traveling down axon- Myelin Sheath: Covers the axon of some neurons; helps speed neural impulses- Synapses: Forms the point of contact (actually a tiny gaps) between two neurons where information is passed from one neuron to anothero Differences between Axons and Dendrites: Axons: - Convey info AWAY from the cell body- Smooth surface- Generally only one axon per neuron (sometimes none)- No ribosomes- Can have myelin- Branch further from the cell body Dendrites- Convey info TO the cell body- Rough surface (dendritic spines)- Generally many dendrites per neuron- Contains ribosomes- No myelin- Branch near the cellPre- and Post- Synaptic Cell- Sending axon sends action potential axon terminal with action potential meet with receiving cell’s dendrites synaptic cleft the axon terminal has vesicles containing neurotransmitters the neurotransmitters are released and connect to a receptor site on the receiving neuron’s dendriteso Then its synapse dendrite cell body (soma) axon synapse (repetition)- Action potentialo Cells resting state is (for purposes of this class) -70mVo For an action potential to be sent, the cell must depolarize (get more positive) and reach threshold of excitation- the minimum depolarized state necessary for the action potential to be triggered. For the purposes of this class action threshold is at -60mVo Any excitation that is visible but does not reach threshold is a graded potential (i.e. a signal that reaches 65mV, 63mV… in the figure below, #1-4)o When the electrical message depolarizes enough to reach threshold, an action potential is fired (big arch seen in the figure below)o When action potential begins to die (the arch goes down) it’ll go below the resting mV (-70) to maybe -80- this is Hyperpolarization. Here, the refractory period takes place, where the cell recovers and cannot re-fire until it gathers strength, begins to depolarize, and reaches resting potential (-70) once more.o Process is repeated- At the synapse/neurotransmitterso There are different kinds of neurotransmitters Neurotransmitter- fits into the reception site like a lock and key- produces whatever response that neurotransmitter is coded for Agonist- mimics the neurotransmitter; mostly