* Everything that is psychological must be biological as wellEverything can be analyzed in different levelsIf you are talking about something in a psychological level, the biological is below it; the biological informs the psychologicalEX) When you experience learning, the brain has a biological changeCan be looked through Chemical levelthe anatomical levelBiology of the brainThere are approximately 100 billion nerve cells in the brain (neurons)There are even more allele cellsNeurons in nervous system= about 1 trillionNeurons communicate with each other through chemical messengers called neurotransmittersNervous SystemCentral Nervous System- brain and spinal chordPeripheral Nervous SystemSenses pain, heat…Broken into 2 sectionsAutonomic: actions of the heart/stomach/liver- actions that one has no control over; less subject to conscious awareness/your manipulationBroken into 2 systems:Sympathetic: causes arousal in the system; i.e. if you experience sensitization (sensitive to stimulus) the sympathetic system is what is engaged and produced the aroused stateParasympathetic: brings you down from an aroused state; stimulates digestion/slows heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration and breathingThe interaction of these to systems=homeostatic stateHeight or flight responseSomatic: the voluntary control/movementCarnial Nerves: Nerves emerging from the base of the brain; sometimes involved in autonomic functionsTerminologyCerebrum: the portion of the brain that sits on the brain stem, it pays a role in complex adaptive process (learning, perception…)Cerebral Cortex - The layer of neural tissue covering the cerebral hemispheres of humans and other mammals (like the bark of a tree).Cerebellum: responsible for timing and balanceOur brains are much larger in proportion to our bodies than other animalsDue to all the brain’s foldsBrain structureFrontal lobe:We have the largest frontal lobe in all species; what makes us uniquely human; a lot of complex cognition, inhibition of other brain structures;plan movementsinvolved in memoryinvolved in the inhibition of inappropriate behavioramygdala and areas of the basal ganglia these area are old evolutionarily speaking; involved in immediate pleasure and reward; wants us to do primal behaviorParietal lobe: Body sensationsOccipital lobe: VisionTemporal lobe: Hearing, advanced visual processingCorpus callosum: lateral fissure; connects the two hemispheres of our brain; dense nerve fibers; allows communication of our two hemispheres which are otherwise separateCentral fissure: goes from ear to ear essentiallyPrecentral gyros: Primary motor cortex; outputPost central gyros: Primary somatosensory cortex; inputPhineas Gage (1848) [Video]A rod was shot through his skullSevered frontal cortex from limbic system (limbic system= fires messages of emotion; without the regulation of the frontal cortex, they go un-prioritized and without self control; the balance between his emotions and his physical faculties were destroyedHis ability to communicate with humans decreased because he was so out of control. But he developed an affinity for animalsThe self is built upon the integrity of our brain structures* Each hemisphere controls movement and receives sensory information from the opposite side of the bodyAssociation areasBroadly conceived as where information converges (finish)Language and Hemispheric specializationHumans are the only species on the planet that have what we define as language; other species lack what we would call all the components of language (syntax, grammar, abstract conceptualization)Procedures that have been used to determine hemispheric specializationClinical observationThings like brain tumors, brain damage, and diseaseWADA testAnesthetization of one cerebral hemisphereSurgical proceduresSeparating the hemispheres by severing the corpus callosum; only with SEVERE epileptic seizuresFor most people language is represented predominantly in the left cerebral hemisphere mowersAphasia: Language impairment cause by brain damage or dysfunctionBroca’s areaBroca’s Aphasia : caused by damage to the left inferior frontal lobe lower region of motor cortexDifficulty in language production (language or sign)Non-fluent, slow, laborious speechAgrammatism (defects in grammar)Anomia (difficulty finding words)Adequate comprehension, although not normal)Wernicke’s areaWernicke’s aphasia: damage to the left superior temporal lobe and adjacent parietal lobeAdequate articulation (fluent and unlabored)Poor comprehensionAnomia (difficulty finding words)Paraphasia (wrong words or wrong usage of words)Impairment in recognition of spoken wordsUnintelligible speechThese two areas combined are largely what controls for language* Everything that is psychological must be biological as well-Everything can be analyzed in different levels-If you are talking about something in a psychological level, the biological is below it; the biological informs the psychologicaloEX) When you experience learning, the brain has a biological changeCan be looked through Chemical levelthe anatomical levelBiology of the brain-There are approximately 100 billion nerve cells in the brain (neurons)-There are even more allele cells-Neurons in nervous system= about 1 trillion-Neurons communicate with each other through chemical messengers called neurotransmitters-Nervous SystemoCentral Nervous System- brain and spinal chordoPeripheral Nervous SystemSenses pain, heat…Broken into 2 sectionsAutonomic: actions of the heart/stomach/liver- actions that one has no control over; less subject to conscious awareness/your manipulation-Broken into 2 systems:oSympathetic: causes arousal in the system; i.e. if you experience sensitization (sensitive to stimulus) the sympathetic system is what is engaged and produced the aroused stateoParasympathetic: brings you down from an aroused state; stimulates digestion/slows heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration and breathing The interaction of these to systems=homeostatic stateHeight or flight responseSomatic: the voluntary control/movementCarnial Nerves: Nerves emerging from the base of the brain; sometimes involved in autonomic functionsTerminology-Cerebrum: the portion of the brain that sits on the brain stem, it pays a role in complexadaptive process (learning, perception…)-Cerebral Cortex - The layer of neural tissue covering the cerebral hemispheres of humans and other mammals (like