The learning perspective: how do axiety disorderes come about?Fear conditioning:Learning theorists suggest that fear conditioning leads to anxiety this anxiety then becomes associated with other objects or events (stimulus generalization) and is reinforcedDog conditioned to stop barking- shock collar, bad-smell collarConditioned infants to fear furry objects (Little Albert)Biological PerspectiveObservational learing:Investigators believe that fear responses are inculcated through observational learning. Young monkeys develop fear when they watch other monkeys who are afraid of snakesAlmost genetic: brain sends fear signals when faced with certain things that represent a threat to the species (slithering object-snake)Twin studies: sharing phobias suggests that our genes may be partly responsible for developing fearCertain brain areas are linked with brain circuits- functional correlationAnxiety DisordersGeneralized anxiety disorder:A person is un explainably and continually tense and uneasyMust happen for 6 months to be diagnosed2/3:1/3 ration women to menDiagnosis depends on when the anxiety derails you from functioning normally in your lifePhysical symptoms: jittery, sleep deprived, anxious, difficulty focusing/concentratingCommonly diagnosed with depression: because they cant focus and are sleep deprived, its easy to slip into depressionPhobiaA person in intensely and irrationally afraid of a specific object, activity, or situationThe fear impedes and restricts normal livingPanic Disorder: kind of like an anxiety tornado; strikes out of nowhere- panic attacks that come out of the blueAssociated with physiological symptoms: sweating, heightened heart rate, extremely anxiousDon’t know what stimulus will trigger itOCDMore common among teens and young adultsA lot of people have ruminations, rituals.. NOT OCDOCD ifRitualized action: going through ritualized behavior, doing the same thing many times, to the point that it no longer serves a purpose (washing hands once vs washing hands 15 times)2% of peoplePTSDExperiencing something in which the safety of your or your loved ones is threatenedIf you experience a traumatic event, there is no guarantee that you’ll have PTSD- about 20% will (out of 100 people in class)Do not have someone who went through a traumatic event, don’t have them tell it a bunch of times- might develop PTSDRequirements:Experience traumatic event,re-experience the traumatic event (flash backs, nightmares..)avoiding stimuli associated with that eventarousal (hyper visual, on edge..)OCD: persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions) that cause distressCommons obsessions/compulsionsObsessions:Germ phobicSomething terrible happening (death/fire…)Symmetry, order, exactnessCompulsionsExcessive hand washing, bathing, brushing teeth, groomingRepeating ritualsChecking doors, locks, appliances, car brakes, homeworkResilience to PTSDOnly about 10% of women and 20% of men reacts to traumatic situations and develop PTSDMany survivors show remarkable resilience against traumatic situationsTrauma First Aid: strong evidence that “talking” about a trauma should be handled delicately, gradually, and by trained professionals; in intervals where once it gets to be arousing, stop cope with it successfully and get over itOther Anxiety DisordersAgoraphobiaFear of open spacesAfraid of losing control in an open, social spacesSocial phobiaIntense anxiety in social environmentsAvoidance of social areasAnxiety Disorders specific to ChildrenSelective mutismAnxious in social environments and will mute themselves with anyone unfamiliar to themSeparation anxiety disorderKids who are separated from their parents experience extreme anxiety over a long period of timeDissociative DisordersConscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelingsExperiences that impede your normal functioningDID: Dissociative Identity DisorderCritics argue that the diagnosis of DID increased in the late 20th century. DID has not been found in other countriesCritics arguments:1) Role playing by people open to a therapist’s suggestion2) Learned responsibility- they’ll create the personalities to assign responsibility to someone elseVideoMultiple identities serve as support systems; each personality serves a purpose in emotional copingPersonality disordersPersonality disorders are characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. They are usually without anxiety, depression, or delusionsCluster AParanoid, schizoid, SchizotypalCluster BBorderline (emptiness), histrionic (over emotionality associated with getting attention), narcissistic (inflated believes about the self)AntisocialOut of control emotionalityCluster CAvoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsivePerfectionism, rigidityAntisocial Personality Disorder:A disorder in which the person (usually men) exhibit a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. Formally, this person was called a sociopath or psychopathHas biological and psychological reasonsYoungsters, before committing a crime, respond with lover levels of stress hormones than others do at that ageUnderstanding Anti Personality DisorderPET scans reveal reduced activity in frontal lobe (known to inhibit behaviors)What are somatoform DisordersBody dysmorphic disorder:Somatization disorders: range of physical ailments without causeConversion disorders: conversion of stress into a physiological disorderSymptoms: poor coordination of balance, paralysis in arm or leg, difficulty swallowing or a “lump in the throat,” inability to speak…Risk factors: significant trauma or stress, female gender, adolescence/young adulthoodTreatments: many go away on their own, therapy, physical therapy, anti-anxiety disorder, antidepressant, acupunctureHypochondriasis: thinking you have a severe illness all the timeEating DisordersAnorexia nervosaA person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly (15% or more) underweightBulimia disorderA person alternates binge eating with purging by vomiting or laxative use or fastingBinge-eating disorderSignificant bing0eating episodes followed by distress, disguise, disgust or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa05/31/2012The learning perspective: how do axiety disorderes come about?-Fear conditioning:oLearning theorists suggest that fear