Treatments are based on different theories of psychologyPsychoanalysisHumanistic TherapiesBehavioral TherapiesCognitive TherapiesGroup and Family therapiesGroup therapy is powerful and important to have peer support and peer influenceSome people are specialized in one theory, others take an eclectic approach in which they draw from more than one theoryHistory of Insane TreatmentMaltreatment of the insane through the ages was the result of irrational views. Many patients were given inhumane, painful, abusive “treatment”Therapies:PsychotherapyBiomedical TherapyEclectic approachPsychological Therapies: look at four major forms of psychotherapies based on different theories of human nature:PsychoanalysisHumanistic TherapiesBehavioral TherapiesCognitive TherapiesPsychoanalysis: Freud’s first formal psychotherapyPsych problems originated from childhood repressed impulses and conflicts, the aim of psychoanalysis is to bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness to decrease the anxiety related with the ego-superego conflictMethods:Free Association: dissatisfied with hypnosis, Freud developed the method of free association to unravel the unconscious mind and its conflictsLet them speak openly and thought that eventually, the patient would spiral into inner thoughts and reflect the childhood conflicts/repressionFreud had them sit comfortably, reclined and facing away so as to focus inward and not on his responseResistance: During free association, the patient edits his thoughts, resisting his or her feelings to express emotions. Such resistance becomes important in the analysis of conflict-driven anxiety; what you resisting is directly related to your anxiety without expressing this resistance inhibits correct analysisTransference: eventually the patient opens up and reveals his or her innermost private thoughts, developing positive or negative feelings toward the therapistCriticisms:Takes years and very expensive when there are other treatments that are shorter and therefore would be more cost effectiveHard to refute because it cant be proven or disproven; control element is unreliable in comparison with the person going into the therapyMay be confirmation bias on the part of the therapist; seeing what he wants to see and confirming/pushing thatVideo: Time limited; a more modern interpretation of theoryRole of the therapist:Questions incite emotional reactions/memoriesThings originate in childhood and continue to influence afterwards (past focused)Focuses on body languageGoal is: she wants him to get the insight that she’s already hinting on based on the clues he gives herInterpretation and clarification through questionsInterpersonal psychotherapy: a variation of psychodynamic therapyEffective in treating depressionFocuses on the here and how of the symptoms, relief of those symptoms, not overall personality changeLasts 6-12 weeksHumanistic Therapies:aims to boots self fulfillment by helping people grow in self awareness and self resistanceInsight therapy:Carl Rogers- Client centeredWhat’s blocking them from their growthListens to the needs of the clients and providing an honest, truthful environmentActive listening: echoes, restates, and clarifies the patient’s thinking, acknowledging expressed feelings; eye contact, shoulders pointed to person, leaning forward all make the therapist look engagedVideo: What’s different between this video and the previous one; what is he interested in?Conditions needed for this type of therapy: genuine-ness, transparency…People have an innate drive toward health, self-actualization, to actualize their full potential. This may be possible through a positive environment/climate and relationship with the therapistBehavior Therapy: Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviorsTraditional psychoanalysis expects people to feel better once they gain insight into their unconscious; humanistic feels the client will get better with insight into negative feeling and wanting to achieve self-actualizationBehavior therapy: problem behaviors lead to the problemBased on Pavlovian conditioning and counterconditioningCounterconditioning is a procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviorsIncludes exposure therapy and aversive conditioning; during these the therapists re-conditions response relaxation in unwanted stimuli rather than freak outExposure TherapyOverexpose you to the irrational fear stimuliWrite a fear hierarchy: list of fear according to the level of fear (fear of flying: buy ticketdrive to airportcheck in listen to boarding callboardfly)Systematic DesensitizationA type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli commonly used to treat phobias.Hierarchy of fear: work up the hierarchy of what least incites anxiety to what most incites anxiety, using de-stressing technique (relaxation technique) at every level to level-by-level become systematically desensitized to the fearYou learn how to combat the fear yourself  condition yourself to no longer have that fear responseEX) Arachnophobia: picture of spider toy spider see a spider touch spider let spider crawl on youAversive Conditioning: a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior; the reverse systematic desensitizationAlcohol dependence: put pill that causes nausea in alcohol negative associationOperant conditioning: enable therapists to use behavior modification, in which desired behaviors are rewarded and undesired behaviors are either unrewarded or punishedToken Economy: In institutional setting, therapists may create a token economy in which patients exchange a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats, or lose a token for undesired behaviorCognitive TherapyBased on the idea that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactionsEX) lost job internal belief I’m worthless depressionWhat is the thinking that people are havingBeck:suggests that depressed patients that they can never be happy (thinking) and thus associate minor failings in life as major causes for their depressionsBeck’s theory of Depression is associated with 3 thingsInternal: I’m worthlessStable: its never going to changeGlobal: no matter where I go, it’ll be the sameStress inoculating Training: MeichenbaumTrained