Thinking Like a PsychologistI. What is Psychology? A. Non-Scientific Thinking: Biased and Non-systematic1. Co-incidence2. Selective recall3. Confirmation Bias4. Hindsight Bias5. Availability Bias6. Gambler’s FallacyB. The Scientific Method: Set of Rules or Procedures on HOW to Study , Observe,or Conduct Experiments and Minimize Bias and Error1. Verifiable2. Cumulative3. Public4. ParsimoniousCritical Thinking:C. Scientific Thinking, Definition and Goals of Psychology1.2.3.4.FILM: Is facilitated learning really effective? How can we test it?Research Methods in PsychologyKitty Genovese IncidentWhy did this happen? How a Psychologist Might Resolve It:A). Develop A Theory -Broad Explanation & Prediction Based on Systematic Observation B). Test Hypothesis- Specific Prediction Derived From Theory. Way of Asking The Right Question. 1. Case Study : In-Depth Interview of Single IndividualProblems: Not representative 2. Naturalistic Observation : Observation without InterventionProblems: REACTIVITY ; LACK OF CONTROL; ETHICAL QUESTIONS 3. Surveys : Small Representative sample of population is asked about behavior,thoughts, or attitudes.Problems: Inaccurate Responses & Yea-Saying 4. Correlational Research : Determines relationship between two Behaviors orBetween Responses to two Questions.STRENGTH: Score from -1.0 to +1.0. Closer to 1 is strongerPOSITIVE CORRELATION: Both Measures Change in the Same DirectionEX: TV & ViolenceNEGATIVE CORRELATION: As One Measure Increases, The Other DecreasesEX: Depression & Self-EsteemZERO CORRELATION: No Relationship Between Variables 5. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD : ONLY WAY TO DETERMINE CAUSE ANDEFFECTRelationship Between Factors Is Tested By Deliberately Producing A Change in One Factorand Observing the Effect that The Change Has On Another Factor Or BehaviorINDEPENDENT VARIABLE: Factor Manipulated By ExperimenterDEPENDENT VARIABLE: Behavior MeasuredCONTROL GROUP: Used For Comparison. Condition In Which The IV is NOT PresentTEST OF KITTY GENOVESE- Hypothesis- Independent Variable- Dependent Variable- Assigning SubjectsCONFOUNDING VARIABLE: Variable Other Than The IV Which Is Different BetweenGroups. PREVENTS DRAWING CORRECT CONCLUSION ABOUT CAUSE.ASSESSMENT: True To Real World? 6. Quasi-Experiment: Uses Pre-existing GroupsUsed When Unethical Or Impossible to Randomly
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