ANTH 101 2nd Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 20 Lecture 1 August 19 Anthropology diverse field promoting a holistic view of examining humanity the study of human kind it encompasses everything human nature society past Biological Organisms humans Lecture 2 August 21 Cultural Anthropology beliefs and behaviors of members of different human groups Paleoanthropology studying human biological origins using the fossilized teeth and bones of our earliest ancestors Culture complex whole which includes knowledge belief art morals law custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society Empirical approach to anthropology relying on systematic observations Biological Anthropology looks at human beings as biological organisms and tries to discover what makes them different from other organisms and what characteristics they share Linguistic Anthropology the subfield of anthropology concerned with the study of human language Primatology studying primates Holism encompasses everything Fieldwork an extended period of close involvement with the people in whose language or way of life anthropologists are interested which anthropologists collect most their data Lecture 3 August 23 Archaeology a cultural anthropology of human past involving the analysis of material remains left behind by earlier societies Applied Anthropology this subfield uses the information gathered by the other four fields to analyze and solve practical problems for current societies Comparison characteristic of the anthropological perspective that requires anthropologists to consider similarities and differences in as wide a range of human societies as possible before generalizing about human nature society past Objectivity the separation of observation and reporting from researcher s wishes The Four Field Approach cultural biological archaeology linguistic Scientific Theory coherently organized series of testable hypotheses used to explain a body of material evidence Lecture 4 August 26 Evolutionary Theory evolution is the process of change over time Unilinear Gradation all organisms can be arranged in a singular hierarchy Lecture 5 August 28 Adaptation shaping of useful features of an organism by natural selection for the function they now perform Genetics the scientific study of biological heredity DNA structure that carries the genetic heritage for an organism blueprint for development Homozygous fertilized egg receives same allele from each parent for a particular trait Heterozygous fertilized egg receives different allele from each parent for a particular trait Principle of Segregation an individual gets one particle gene for each trait from each parent Mitosis the way body cells copy themselves Meiosis the way sex cells copy themselves Locus a portion of DNA strand responsible for encoding specific parts of an organism s biological makeup Polygeny many different shades of skin tones Common Origin Darwin s claim that similar living species must all have a common ancestor Fitness measure of an organism s ability to compete in the struggle for existence Genome the sum total of all genetic information about an organism carried on the chromosomes in the cell nucleus Alleles all the different forms a gene might take Principle of Independent Assortment principle of Mendelian inheritance in which each pair of particles genes separates independently of every other pair when germ cells egg and sperm are formed Linkage inheritance pattern unrelated to phenotypic traits Discontinuous Variation break in traits between generations Norm of Reaction table graph that displays the possible range of phenotypic outcomes Gene portion s of DNA that code for proteins that shape phenotypic traits Genotype genetic information about particular biological traits encoded in organism s DNA Phenotype observable traits Chromosomes set of paired bodies in the nucleus of cells that is made of DNA and contains the hereditary genetic information that organisms pass on to their offspring Crossing Over incomplete linkage Continuous Variation a pattern of variation involving polygeny in which phenotypic traits grade imperceptibly from one member of the population to another without sharp breaks Mendelian Inheritance the view that heredity is based on non blending single particle genetic inheritance Natural Selection must have variety within a population and competition for strategic resources Variational Darwinian Evolution assumes that variant members of a species respond differently to environmental challenges those survive reproduce more offspring who inherit the traits that made their parents fit Essentialism the belief in fixed ideas or forms that exist perfect and unchanging in eternity Niche Construction organism perturbs the environment Lecture 6 August 30 Species a reproductive community of populations that occupies a specific niche in nature reproductively isolated from others Mutation introduces genetic variation into a breeding population Evolution the process of change over time Population Genetics field that uses statistical analysis to study short term evolutionary change in large populations Gene Pool all the genes in the bodies of all members of a given species Gene Frequency the frequency of occurrence of the variants of particular genes within a gene pool Gene Flow the exchange of genes that occurs when a given population experiences sudden expansion due to in migration Genetic Drift random changes in gene frequencies from one generation to the next due to a sudden reduction in population size Species Selection a process in which natural selection is seen to operate among variant related species within a single genus family or order The Five Evolutionary Processes natural selection mutation gene flow genetic drift nonrandom mating Lecture 7 September 4 Pangenesis theory of heredity suggesting that an organism s physical traits are passed on from one generation to the next in the form of multiple distinct particles given off by all parts of an organism Transformational Lamarckian Evolution assumes essentialist species and a uniform environment Microevolution subfield of evolutionary studies that devotes attention to short term evolutionary changes that occur within a given species over relatively few generations of ecological time Macroevolution studies evolution at or above the species level over extreme long stretches of geological time and concerned with tracing extinction Polymorphous describes