Primates Specifically the EXTANT primates i e the ones who are still alive today these include some prosimians some monkeys some apes next fossil hominins who are extinct Taxonomy What are primates Overview What are primates Taxonomy of living things Distinguishing primate characteristics Primate taxonomy distinguishing characteristics within the Order Primate Prosimians Strepsirhines Lorises Lemurs Tarsiers Anthropoids Haplorhines Platyrrhines Cebids Atelines Callitrichids Catarrhines Cercopithecoids Cercopithecines Colobines Hominoids Hylobatids Pongids Hominins Taxonomy Hierarchical and Linnean between Kingdoms and Species but really not a totally accurate representation Subspecies Species Genus Family Infraorder Order Class Phylum Kingdom Tree of life based on traits we think we observe Beware anthropocentrism the concept that humans may regard themselves as the central and most significant entities in the universe or that they assess reality through an exclusively human perspective Dendrogram cladistics based on genes Taxonomy Kingdoms 5 here Taxonomy Kingdoms 6 here Kingdom Animalia Ingestive heterotrophs Lack cell wall Motile at at least some part of their lives Embryos have a blastula stage a hollow ball of cells Usually an internal digestive chamber Phyla in Kingdom Animalia Phylum Meaning Group Phylum Meaning Group Acanthocephala Thorny head Thorny headed worms Mesozoa Middle animals Mesozoans Acoelomorpha Without gut Acoels Micrognathozoa Tiny jaw animals Annelida Little ring Segmented worms Mollusca Thin shell Mollusks molluscs Arthropoda Jointed foot Arthropods Myxozoa Slime animals Brachiopoda Arm foot Lamp shells Nematoda Thread like Round worms Bryozoa Moss animals Moss animals sea mats Nematomorpha Thread form Horsehair worms Chaetognatha Longhair jaw Arrow worms Nemertea A sea nymph Ribbon worms Chordata Cord Chordates Onychophora Claw bearer Velvet worms Cnidaria Stinging nettle Coelenterates Orthonectida Straight swim Ctenophora Comb bearer Comb jellies Cycliophora Wheel carrying Symbion Phoronida Zeus mistress Echinodermata Spiny skin Sea Urchins Placozoa Tubular animals Echiura Spine tail Spoon worms Platyhelminthes Flat worms Flat worms Entoprocta Inside anus Goblet worm Porifera Pore bearer Sponges Gastrotricha Hair stomach Meiofauna Priapulida Penis Priapulid worms Gnathostomulida Jaw orifice Jaw worms Rhombozoa Lozenge animal Hemichordata Half cord Acorn worms Rotifera Wheel bearer Rotifers Kinorhyncha Motion snout Mud dragons Sipuncula Small tube Peanut worms Loricifera Corset bearer Brush heads Tardigrada Slow step Water bears Xenoturbellida Strange flatworm Horseshoe worms Phylum Chordata Hollow dorsal nerve cord Trends Increasing cephalization Increased activity levels Increased predatory lifestyle Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata Tunicates filter feeding sea squirts Subphylum Cephalochordata Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata chordates with backbones Infraphylum Agnatha jawless vertebrates Infraphylum Gnathosomata jawed vertebrates Superclass Osteichthytes bony fishes Superclass Tetraposa four legged vertebrates Subphylum Vertebrata BACKBONES Paired kidneys Heart aorta Major transitions in some ancestral vertebrates Superclass Tetrapoda 4 limbs to locomote on land Amniotes Shell yolk amnion internal fertilization Amnion a membrane building the amniotic sac that surrounds and protects an embryo It is developed in reptiles birds and mammals but not in amphibians and and fish Class mammalia From synapsids therapsids Therapsids were transitional mammal like reptiles Nocturnal niche that dinosaurs didn t dominate Increased metabolism to keep warm bugs Chewing mastication specialized teeth Legs under body to turn more easily Oligokyphus but some cranial features make it not a mammal Mammals Survived age of dinosaurs First were tiny nocturnal insectivores Escaped predation Survived global cooling Adaptive Radiation 0 65 mya Three groups Monotremes Marsupials Placental Eutherians Mammals What features distinguish mammals Hair made of keratin Active metabolism endothermic hair and fat for insulation closed circulatory system 4 chambered heart respiratory system connected to circulatory system diaphragm a powerful muscle to enhance respiration Reproductive characteristics Amniote egg without shell retained in uterus Viviparity Lactation Cephalization Large Brains key to human evolution Complex social behaviors including parental care Monotremes Marsupials Platypuses and Spiny Anteaters Lay reptilian yolked eggs But have hair and produce milk to nourish their young Clear that modern monotremes are the survivors of an early branching of the mammal tree a later branching is thought to have led to the marsupial and placental groups the egg is retained for some time within the mother who actively provides the egg with nutrients Monotremes also lactate but have no defined nipples excreting the milk from their mammary glands via openings in their skin Extant in Australia and New Guinea but widespread before that based on fossil data Opossums kangaroos koalas sugar gliders Born early Complete embryonic development in pouch Nourished by milk mammary glands Diversified in Australia few left in the Americas e g the opossum Convergent Evolution with Placental Eutherian Mammals Eutherians Placentals Long pregnancy Complete development in utero Nourished by a placenta fetal membranes chorion and maternal tissues intimately associated for gas exchange nutrient supply and waste removal Mammals Mammals Milk mammary glands Hair Fur Specialized teeth Neocortex Warm blooded circulation heart About 5400 species around today Particular jaw feature defines mammals to paleontologists Vivipary in many but not limited to mammals some sharks etc Most are placental Most are terrestrial Class Mammalia Subclass Prototheria monotremes platypuses and echidnas lay eggs but have hair and produce milk Subclass Theria live bearing mammals Infraclass Metatheria marsupials Infraclass Eutheria placentals Order Macroscelidea elephant shrews Africa Order Afrosoricida tenrecs and golden moles Africa Order Tubulidentata aardvark Africa south of the Sahara Order Hyracoidea hyraxes or dassies Africa Arabia Order Proboscidea elephants Africa Southeast Asia Order Sirenia dugong and manatees ctropical Order Pilosa sloths and anteaters Neotropical Order Cingulata armadillos Americas Order Scandentia treeshrews Southeast Asia Order Dermoptera flying lemurs or colugos Southeast Asia Order Primates lemurs
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