ANTH 101 1st Edition Lecture 19 Outline of Last Lecture I Homework II The Mesolithic Middle Stone Age III The Neolithic New Stone Age Outline of Current Lecture II Indirect Evidence of Agriculture III Agriculture in South America IV The Rise of the State and Civilizations Current Lecture II Indirect Evidence of Agriculture A Tools tilling harvesting grinding B Storage pits jars C Art depictions of farming and domesticated animals III Agriculture in South America A tobacco cotton B potato domesticated in 7 000 B P C llamas alpacas D guinea pigs cuy domesticated in 5 000 B P food religious and healing purposes E raised field agriculture F terracing in the Andes G Andean tools chakitaqlla foot plow to dig up top soils H Southwest Amazon These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Humid Tropical Rainforest Peanut domesticated in 8 500 B P I Terra Preta incorporation of charcoal into the land increases the nutrient holding capacity and fertility J Impacts of Agriculture PROS annual surplus insurance against bad years population growth pooled labor for large projects that improve quality of life craft specialization cottage industries CONS starvation in bad years decreased overall health cavities malnutrition etc new diseases from close association with animals cow pox chicken pox small pox bird flu swine flu higher parasite infections etc military states exploitation of people IV The Rise of the State and Civilizations A Levels of Society EMPIRE STATE CHIEFDOM BAND B Band egalitarian small groups usually hunter gatherers C Chiefdom has a leader and some centralization larger groups farmers and herders D State tiered society with rulers bureaucracy specialists E Social Organization The Band the characteristic form of social organization found among foragers small less than 50 people labor divided by age and sex sharing adults have equal access to materials The Tribe larger than a band members usually farm or herd for a living egalitarian Status a particular social position in a group Social Stratification a form of social organization in which people have unequal access to wealth and power and prestige
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