Module 2: Expression EngineeringModule 2: Expression Engineering20.109Lecture 1October 11th, 2007 Cite as: Natalie Kuldell. Course materials for 20.109 Laboratory Fundamentals in Biological Engineering, Fall 2007. MITOpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu), MassachusettsInstitute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].Is a butterfly collection a science experiment?Scientific Endeavors…Images of butterfly collection and evolving hominid skulls removed due to copyright restrictions. Cite as: Natalie Kuldell. Course materials for 20.109 Laboratory Fundamentals in Biological Engineering, Fall 2007. MITOpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu), MassachusettsInstitute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].From Erren, T. C., et al. “Comparing Neanderthal and Human Genomes.” Science 315, no. 5819 (3 March, 2007): 1664.“Charles Darwin was once asked if he thought that natural historians should collect data without the prejudice of a preformed hypothesis, or whether they should be observing nature with a particular theory in mind. In a stinging reply to friend, the economist Henry Fawcett, Darwin wrote that they may as well “go into a gravel-pit and count the pebbles and describe the colors.” Cite as: Natalie Kuldell. Course materials for 20.109 Laboratory Fundamentals in Biological Engineering, Fall 2007. MITOpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu), MassachusettsInstitute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].The dynamic proteome, not the static genome, determines an organism’s phenotype. For instance, the caterpillar and tadpole share genomes with the butterfly and the frog, but their very different proteomes create very different organisms.Images removed due to copyright restrictions. Cite as: Natalie Kuldell. Course materials for 20.109 Laboratory Fundamentals in Biological Engineering, Fall 2007. MITOpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu), MassachusettsInstitute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].Eukaryotic Gene ExpressionObstacles to expressionTranscription Cite as: Natalie Kuldell. Course materials for 20.109 Laboratory Fundamentals in Biological Engineering, Fall 2007. MITOpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu), MassachusettsInstitute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY]. Courtesy of Arkitek Studios. Used with permission.Source: RNAi Interface animation for nature.com (http://www.nature.com/focus/rnai/animations/index.html)Eukaryotic Gene ExpressionmRNA processingExport TranslationCite as: Natalie Kuldell. Course materials for 20.109 Laboratory Fundamentals in Biological Engineering, Fall 2007. MITOpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu), MassachusettsInstitute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY]. Courtesy of Arkitek Studios. Used with permission.Source: RNAi Interface animation for nature.com (http://www.nature.com/focus/rnai/animations/index.html)This movie was taken over a 12-hour period.DNA---> RNA--> Protein1. To ∆ cell’s behavior, genome engineering too slow 2. To understand cell’s behavior, we need a way to study themMovie source: http://www.exploratorium.edu/imaging_station/gal_media/stemcells/mouse_embryonic_1/mouse_embryonic_1.movCredit: Kristina Yu. Courtesy of The Exploratorium.© The Exploratorium, http://www.exploratorium.edu. Cite as: Natalie Kuldell. Course materials for 20.109 Laboratory Fundamentals in Biological Engineering, Fall 2007. MITOpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu), MassachusettsInstitute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].Expression Engineering Pressure PointsFigure courtesy of National Academy of Sciences, U. S. A. Used with permission. Source: Belle, A., et al. "Quantification of protein half-lives in the budding yeast proteome." PNAS 103 no. 35 (2006): 13004-9. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0605420103. Copyright © 2006 National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. Cite as: Natalie Kuldell. Course materials for 20.109 Laboratory Fundamentals in Biological Engineering, Fall 2007. MITOpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu), MassachusettsInstitute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].Expression Engineering Pressure Pointstxnprocessing exportdegradation(1)Figure courtesy of National Academy of Sciences, U. S. A. Used with permission. Source: Belle, A., et al. "Quantification of protein half-lives in the budding yeast proteome." PNAS 103 no. 35 (2006): 13004-9. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0605420103. Copyright © 2006 National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. Cite as: Natalie Kuldell. Course materials for 20.109 Laboratory Fundamentals in Biological Engineering, Fall 2007. MITOpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu), MassachusettsInstitute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].Expression Engineering Pressure Pointstranscriptionprocessing exportdegradation(1)translationfoldingmodification localization(2)Figure courtesy of National Academy of Sciences, U. S. A. Used with permission. Source: Belle, A., et al. "Quantification of protein half-lives in the budding yeast proteome." PNAS 103 no. 35 (2006): 13004-9. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0605420103. Copyright © 2006 National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. Cite as: Natalie Kuldell. Course materials for 20.109 Laboratory Fundamentals in Biological Engineering, Fall 2007. MITOpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu), MassachusettsInstitute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].Expression Engineering Pressure Pointstranscriptionprocessing exportdegradation(1)translationfoldingmodification localization(2)siRNAmicroRNAFigure courtesy of National Academy of Sciences, U. S. A. Used with permission. Source: Belle, A., et al. "Quantification of protein half-lives in the budding yeast proteome." PNAS 103 no. 35 (2006): 13004-9. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0605420103. Copyright © 2006 National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. Cite as: Natalie Kuldell. Course materials for 20.109 Laboratory Fundamentals in Biological Engineering, Fall 2007. MITOpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu), MassachusettsInstitute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].Why care about gene expression?Why work on a module called “expression engineering?”1. Disease from mis-expression2. Expression is part of cellular reactions to environment3. Knowledge is good4. Make things that are useful from gene expression regulation5. Silencing/timing of gene expression regulate growth and development Cite as: Natalie Kuldell. Course materials for 20.109 Laboratory Fundamentals in Biological Engineering, Fall 2007. MITOpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu), MassachusettsInstitute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].This movie