Chapter 3: Attention and ConsciousnessSimons’ DemonstrationsThought QuestionsAttention Is…Preconscious AttentionPrimingMarcel (1983)Marcel’s Procedure with ParticipantsMarcel (1983) ResultsPriming Can Speed or Slow ProcessingBowers, Regehr, Balthazard & Parker (1990)Bowers (et.al.) ResultsTip-of-the-tongue ExperiencesTOT DemonstrationControlled vs. Automatic ProcessingIs Typing Automatic or Controlled for You?Automization - 2 ExplanationsAnderson’s Process-Based TheoryLogan’s Memory-based TheoryEffect of Practice on AutomizationHabituationDishabituationHabituation/Dishabituation ParadigmFunctions of Conscious AttentionSignal Detection Theory (SDT)Vigilance and SDTSelective AttentionSelective AttentionSlide 29Cherry’s Study ResultsModels of Selective AttentionBroadbent’s ModelProblems for Filter TheoryProblems (cont.)Broadbent’s Model Could Not ExplainTreisman Attenuation ModelFilter Attenuation TheoryLate Selection TheoryStroop TaskSlide 40Slide 41Divided Attention ResearchPashler’s PRP EffectResource Theories of Attention Daniel Kahneman (1973)Multiple Resources Chris Wickens (1980)Distracted Driving and Multi-tasking...Human FactorsToday's LectureChapter 4: PerceptionOutlineSensation and PerceptionSensation vs. PerceptionPerceptions rootPerceptual BasicsSlide 55Depth PerceptionSlide 57InterpositionSizeAmes Room (These are identical twins)Texture GradientsLinear PerspectiveMovement CuesSlide 64Binocular CuesRetinal DisparityStereo VisionPerceptual OrganizationThe Influence of Gestalt Psychologists.The Law of PragnanzSlide 71Gestalt Laws of GroupingSlide 73Slide 74Slide 75Slide 76Slide 77Slide 78Slide 79Slide 80Slide 81Theories of PerceptionGibson’s Direct Perception (Ecological model)Bottom Up Processing TheoriesTemplate TheorySlide 86Prototype TheoriesPrototype EvidenceSlide 89Solso & McCarthy (1981) ResultsResearch on PrototypesVirtual AttractionSocial Implications??PandemoniumSlide 95Feature TheoriesFeature EvidenceMisperceptionSlide 99Top-down Processing (Constructive Perspective)Importance of Top-Down ProcessingSlide 102Slide 103Slide 104Slide 105Slide 106Slide 107Slide 108Slide 109Top-down Processing EvidenceChapter 3: Attention and ConsciousnessJoel CooperUniversity of UtahSimons’ DemonstrationsInattention BlindnessAbsentminded ProfessorThe Conversation Flicker 1Change Detection 1 Change Detection 2 Change Detection 3Flicker 2Thought Questions•What is attention?•What guides attention?–How much is directed by your environment?–How much is dependent on or rooted in your own mental processes (separate from environment)?Attention Is…•The concentration of mental energy that must be used to process incoming information–Selective–Limited–Both conscious and preconsciousPreconscious Attention•Priming effects•Tip of the tongue experiences•Automatization •HabituationFunctions of Conscious AttentionSignal DetectionSearching Selective AttentionDivided AttentionPreconscious AttentionInformation that is available for cognitive processing but that currently lies outside of conscious awareness•Priming effects•Tip of the tongue experiences•Automatization •HabituationPrimingBREADBUTTER•How quickly do you process the second word?•Faster if you have been primed with a related word.NURSEDOCTORCATDOGPreconscious Attention•Priming effects•Tip of the tongue experiences•Automatization •HabituationMarcel (1983)Condition Subliminally Present Prime Consciously Present Prime PrimePALM PALMMaskXXXX TargetPINE OR WRIST PINE OR WRISTResponseBody part or Plant? Body Part or Plant?Reaction timeHow fast? How fast?Preconscious Attention• Priming effects• Tip of the tongue experiences• Automatization • HabituationMarcel’s Procedure with ParticipantsPALMPALMXXXXPINEPINEIt’s a Plant. Umm, It’s a Plant.Subliminal Condition Conscious ConditionPreconscious Attention•Priming effects•Tip of the tongue experiences•Automatization •HabituationMarcel (1983) ResultsCondition Subliminally Present PrimeConsciously Present PrimeTargets:PINE or WRISTFound faster RT for both target wordsFound faster RT for one of two target words, slower RT for the other targetInterpretation Both meanings were primedOnly one meaning is primed, the other inhibitedPreconscious Attention• Priming effects• Tip of the tongue experiences• Automatization • HabituationPriming Can Speed or Slow Processing•Facilitative Priming–Target stimuli (e.g., BUTTER) are processed faster if preceded by a related word (e.g., BREAD)•Negative Priming Effect–Target stimuli (e.g., PINE) is processed slower if preceded by a word related to target’s alternate meaning (PALM relating to hand)Preconscious Attention•Priming effects•Tip of the tongue experiences•Automatization •HabituationBowers, Regehr, Balthazard & Parker (1990)Triad A Triad BBasket SwanRoom ArmyFoot MaskWhich of these triads is coherent?What is the 4th word that ties them together?BALLPreconscious Attention•Priming effects•Tip of the tongue experiences•Automatization •HabituationBowers (et.al.) Results•Even if participants could not generate the 4th word, they still selected the coherent triad•Results demonstrate preconscious processingPreconscious Attention•Priming effects•Tip of the tongue experiences•Automatization •HabituationTip-of-the-tongue Experiences•You know you know the word but you cannot fully retrieve the word•Paradigms used to generate TOT states–Show pictures of famous people or politicians and have participants name them–Ask general knowledge questions to generate TOTsPreconscious Attention•Priming effects•Tip of the tongue experiences•Automatization •HabituationTOT Demonstration•Heavy, broad-bladed knife or hatchet used especially by butchers•Crystalline sugar occurring naturally in fruits, honey, etc.•Yarn-died cotton fabric woven in stripes, checks, plaids, or solid colors.•Do any of these questions put the answer on the tip of your tongue?Preconscious Attention•Priming effects•Tip of the tongue experiences•Automatization •HabituationControlled vs. Automatic Processing•Automatic processing–Requires no conscious control•Controlled processing –Requires conscious controlPreconscious Attention•Priming effects•Tip of the tongue experiences•Automatization •HabituationIs Typing Automatic or Controlled for You?•Do you type without thinking where your fingers are? Are you a hunt and peck typist?•If