Test A 1 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, PSYCH 3120 FINAL EXAM 1. According to Paivio’s dual-coding hypothesis a. Concepts can be represented either visually or verbally b. Concrete concepts can be represented either visually or verbally, but abstract concepts can only be represented verbally c. In order for a concept to be remembered visually, it must be encoded on at least two different occasions d. In order for a concept to be remembered verbally, it must be encoded on at least two different occasions 2. When participants make same/different judgments about two objects that are rotated in space, the amount of time it takes them to verify that two objects are the same is a function of a. The distance between the two objects, which indicates that people perform transformations on images b. The distance between the two objects, which indicates that images are static c. The amount of rotation between the two objects, which indicates that people perform transformations on images d. The amount of rotation between the two objects, which indicates that images are static and cannot be transformed 3. One classic imagery study had people focus on a particular part of an imaged object and then asked them questions about parts of that object. The study found that a. People had problems remembering parts of the objects b. Time to answer the questions was a U-shaped function based on the distance of the part from the focus point c. Scanning a longer distance takes a longer time only if the experimenters expect it to d. Scanning a longer distance takes a longer time 4. Which of the following results suggest that images are represented in a spatial medium? a. Participants are faster to answer the question “ Does a rabbit have a pink nose?” than they are to answer the questions “Does an elephant have gray skin? b. Participants are faster to answer the question “Does a rabbit have a pink nose?” if they imagine multiple rabbits than if they just imagine one rabbit. c. Participants are faster to answer the question “ Does a rabbit have a pink nose?” if they imagine the rabbit next to a large elephant rather than a small fly. d. Participants are faster to answer the question “ Does a rabbit have a pink nose?” if they imagine the rabbit next to a small fly rather than a large elephant. 5. True or false? An imagery study that required people to imagine a capital letter in a grid showed that images are created by generating one part of the object at a time. a. True b. False 6. True or false? Expected value theory says that people maximize financial gain when making decisions. a. True b. FalseTest A 2 7. Say you are stuck in downtown Chicago with no money. You need $5 for the cab fare home. Someone asks you to play a game of chance in which you have either a .75 chance of winning $5 or a .25 chance of winning $40. You chose the .75 chance of winning $5. Your choice is driven by a. Expected utility b. Expected value c. Sunk costs d. Psychic budgets 8. When participants hear that Linda (a fictitious character) is single, outspoken and very bright, they say that she is more likely to be a bank teller and a feminist than just a bank teller. They are using which heuristic? a. Availability b. Representativeness c. Modus tollens d. None of the above 9. Participants say that there is an 80% chance that a green cab was involved in an accident when told that the eye-witness had an 80% chance of correctly identifying the cab as green, even though only 15% of the cabs in the city are green. What are participants doing in this situation? a. Ignoring the base rate b. Ignoring the sample size c. Using the availability heuristic d. Using the representativeness heuristic 10. If you are considering breaking off a relationship with a significant other who now really drives you nuts, but are hesitating because the two of you had so many years together (even though those years may have been miserable too), you are letting _________ influence your decision. a. Availability b. Expected utility c. Psychic budgets d. Sunk costs 11. Which of the following is a valid deduction from the premise: If a person has dirty fingernails, then they are a gardener. a. This person is a gardener. Therefore, he kneels a lot. b. This person has dirty fingernails. Therefore, he is a gardener. c. This person is a gardener. Therefore, he has dirty fingernails. d. This person is does not have dirty fingernails. Therefore, he is not a gardener. 12. Given the first premise “If P, then Q”, which of the following forms of deductive conclusions are valid? a. “Given Q, then P” and “Given not P, then not Q” b. “Given Q, then P” and “Given not Q, then not P” c. “Given P, then Q” and “Given not P, then not Q” d. “Given P, then Q” and “Given not Q, then not P”Test A 3 13. True or false? Heuristics apply to decision making, but do not apply to problem solving. a. True b. False 14. Syllogisms are different from conditional reasoning problems because in syllogisms a. There are fewer premises than in deductive reasoning b. Venn-diagrams are not helpful in disproving the consclusion c. The conclusion is not an “if-then” statement d. People make hardly any errors 15. True or false? Initial studies with the Wason card selection task demonstrated that people’s choices conform to the rules of logic. a. True b. False 16. Which of the following is a disadvantage of brute force search? a. Hill climbing b. Combinatorial explosion c. It is complicated to apply d. It is a heuristic 17. In the classroom example of how one determines how to get to Albany, the steps that allow one to move from one stage of knowledge to another stage of knowledge in the problem space are known as a. reductions b. solutions c. operators d. propositions 18. In the water jug problem, you are provided with 3 measuring jars, a water tap, and drain for pouring off water and are asked to measure out a particular amount of water. This task demonstrates functional fixedness because a. People who solve a series of problems requiring 3 water jars continue to use 3 water jars for problems in which it would be simpler to use 2 water jars b. People who solve a series of problems requiring 3 water jars spontaneously apply the simpler strategy of using 2 water jars to appropriate problems c. People have problems working backwards; they are