Chapter 2: Cognitive NeuroscienceSimple, yet so complex; The NeuronNeural SpeedSlide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13MethodologyMethodology  Postmortem StudiesMethodology  Animal Studies: In VivoMethodology  Animal Studies: Single Neuron MonitoringMethodology  EEG-Human StudiesSlide 19Slide 20Slide 21Methodology  Positron Emission Tomography (PET)Methodology  Magnetic Resonance ImagingMethodology  Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)Where am I?Anatomy of the BrainAnatomy of the Brain  ForebrainAnatomy of the Brain  Forebrain  Cerebral CortexAnatomy of the Brain  Forebrain  Cerebral Cortex  Frontal LobeAnatomy of the Brain  Forebrain  Cerebral Cortex  Parietal LobeAnatomy of the Brain  Forebrain  Cerebral Cortex  Temporal LobeAnatomy of the Brain  Forebrain  Cerebral Cortex  Occipital LobeAnatomy of the Brain  Forebrain  Basal GangliaAnatomy of the Brain  Forebrain  Limbic SystemSlide 35Slide 36Anatomy of the Brain  MidbrainAnatomy of the Brain  HindbrainAnatomy of the Brain  Hindbrain  Medulla OblongataAnatomy of the Brain  Hindbrain  PonsAnatomy of the Brain  Hindbrain  CerebellumCerebral Cortex PrinciplesClick, Hum and ReciteCerebral Cortex Principles  ContralateralityCerebral Cortex Principles  Corpus CallosumCerebral Cortex Principles  Localization of functionBody in the BrainCerebral Cortex Principles  Hemispheric SpecializationActivitySlide 50Slide 51Slide 52Evidence for Specialization of Left lobeSplit Brain MethodologySplit Brain DemonstrationSlide 56Where am I? -Daniel C. DennettSlide 58Chapter 2: Cognitive NeuroscienceSimple, yet so complex; The NeuronEither or operationAt rest: Average 100ms between firingExcitation: Much fasterInhibition: A bit slowerNeural Speed•10 volunteers•Hold hands, squeeze when your neighbor does: Timed•Hold shoulders, squeeze when your neighbor does: TimedWritten by Nancy Jo Melucci, Santa Monica College•100 billion neurons• A typical neuron has about 1,000 to 10,000 synapses (that is, it communicates with 1,000 –10,000 other neurons, muscle cells, glands, etc.).•100 trillion synapses• Weight 46 - 50 ounces (≈ 3 pounds)Brain Factsvalue 1¢, (one cent)width 0.75 inches, (3/4 of an inch)height 0.75 inches, (3/4 of an inch)thickness 0.0625 inches, (1/16 of an inch)weight 0.1 ounces, (1/10 of an ounce)100 Million, Billion, Trillion… What’s the diff? *Shrug* value 16¢, (sixteen cents)width (side-by-side) 12 inches, (one foot)height (stacked) 1 inchthickness 0.0625 inches, (1/16 of an inch)weight 1.6 ouncesvalue $10.00, (Ten dollars and no cents)width 3.75 inchesheight 3.75 inchesthickness 2.5 inchesweight 100 ounces, (6.25 pounds)height stacked 62.4 inches, (5.2 feet) area (laid flat) 562.5 square inches (3.9 square feet)1,000 penniesvalue $983.04(Nine hundred eighty-three dollars and four cents)width 24 inches, (two feet)height 12 inches, (one foot)thickness 12 inches, (one foot)weight 614.4 poundsheight stacked 512 feet area (laid flat) 384 square feet100,000 penniesvalue $10,037.76(Ten thousand, thirty-seven dollarsand seventy-six cents)width Four feetheight Five feetthickness 12 inches, (one foot)weight 6273.6 pounds (3.14 tons)height stacked 5,228 feet ( 0.99 Miles ) area (laid flat) 3,921 square feet1,000,000 penniesvalue $10,000,181.76(Ten million, one hundred eighty-onedollars and seventy-six cents)width 45 feetheight 11 feetthickness 41 feetweight 3,125 tonsheight stacked 987 Miles area (laid flat) 3,906,321 square feet (89.7 acres)1,000,000,000 penniesvalue $100,000,235.52(One hundred million, two hundred thirty-fivedollars and fifty-two cents)width 90 feetheight 11 feetthickness 205 feettotal weight 31,250 tonsheight stacked 9,864 Miles area (laid flat) 897 acres100,000,000,000 Neurons in the brain!value $10,000,000,166.40(Ten billion, one hundred andsixty-six dollars and forty cents)width 273 feetheight 273 feetthickness 273 feettotal weight 3,125,000 tonsheight stacked 986,426 Miles area (laid flat) 89,675.2 acres1,000,000,000,000 pennies•Sears Tower•Empire State Building•Washington Monument•Lincoln Memorial2,623,684,608,000 pennies. value $26,236,846,080.00(Twenty-six billion, two hundred thirty-six million,eight hundred forty-six thousand andeighty dollars)total weight 8,199,014 tonsheight stacked 2,588,073 Miles area (laid flat) 235,279.3 acres100,000,000,000,000 synapses in the brain!A stack of pennies 98,642,600 Miles long!Long enough to wrap 4,000 times around the earth.Methodology•Postmortem studies•Animal Studies•Electrical Recordings•Static Imaging Techniques•Metabolic ImagingMethodology Postmortem Studies•Identify disorder and then examine after death–Young, Holcomb, Yazdani, Hicks & German (2004)•Found that depression is associated with a greater number of nerve cells in the Thalamus being devoted to emotional regulation•Supported idea that structural abnormality may lead to depressionMethodology Animal Studies: In Vivo•Monitor activity of a single neuronMethodology Animal Studies: Single Neuron Monitoring•Gross, Bender & Rocha-Miranda, 1969–Increased firing in the inferotemporal region in response to more hand-like objectsInferotemporal regionMethodology EEG-Human StudiesElectroencephalograph Research ExampleMethodology Positron Emission Tomography (PET)•Radioactive material is injected or inhaled•Participant is then scanned to produce an image of the brain’s activityMethodology Magnetic Resonance Imaging•Strong magnetic field passed through the skull•Uses the detection of radio frequency signals produced by displaced radio waves in a magnetic field •Creates a detailed anatomical image of the brainMethodology Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)•fMRI quick series of images analyzed for differences•Brain areas with more blood flow have been shown to have better visibility on MRI imagesWhere am I?Common sense, though all very will for everyday purposes, is easily confused, even by such simple questions as… When you feel a pain in the leg that has been amputated, where is the pain? If you say it is in your head, would it be in your head if your leg had not been amputated? If you say yes, then what reason have you for ever thinking you have a leg?–(Bertrand Russell)Anatomy of the