Joel CooperUniversity of UtahMemory Is …n The mechanism we use to create, maintain and retrieve information about the past Processes in Memoryn Encoding¨ Processes used to store information in memoryn Storage¨ Processes used to maintain information in memoryn Retrieval¨ Processes used to get information back out of memoryActivity 1n Every thing that comes to mind must be written downn No talkingn Ready?n Name all the 7 DwarfsActivity 2 – Now name them.Activity 3n Turn your paper overn Select the correct names from the following listFrom the Following List Identify the names of the seven dwarfs:Crabby Sniffy Gabby Cupid DocWheezy Goofy Grouchy Shy TeachDasher Sleepy Droopy Lazy PopWishful Grumpy Bashful Scrappy NiftyJumpy Gloomy Dopey Silly SneezyHappy Shorty Smiley Cheerful DumpyFearful Stubby Tearful Puffy BurpyActivity 4n Recall the names of the 7 Dwarfs in order of appearance in the movie.Activity cont.n Activity 1 (Recall)n Activity 2 (Cued Recall)n Activity 3 (Recognition)n Activity 4 (Serial Recall)n Let’s look at your errorsCommon errorsn Sound¨ Number of syllables¨ Ending in Yn Letter “s” and “d”n Meaningn Different category names¨ Santa’s reindeer¨ Care bears¨ SmurfsMethods Used to Study Memoryn Which type of memory test would you rather have?¨ An essay or a multiple choice exam?¨ recall vs. recognitionRecall Tasksn Free Recall¨ Recall all the words you can from the list you saw previouslyn Cued Recall¨ Recall everything you can that is associated with _______ ¨ Participants are given a cue to facilitate recalln Serial Recall¨ Recall the names of all previous presidents in the order they were elected¨ Need to recall order as well as item namesRecognition Tasksn Circle all the words you previously studiedn Indicate which pictures you saw yesterdayImplicit or Explicit Memory Tasksn Explicit memory tasks¨ Involves conscious recollection¨ Participant knows they are trying to retrieve information from their memoryn Implicit memory tasks¨ Require participants to complete a task¨ The completion of the task indirectly indicates memoryImplicit Memory TasksParticipants are exposed to a word list TigerLionZebraPandaLeopardElephantAfter a delay…Participants then complete word puzzles, they are not aware they are a type of memory testWord fragment Completion:C_E_TA_E_E_ _AN__ E _ RAWord Stem Completion:Mon _____Pan_____Models of Memoryn Represent ways that memory has been conceptualized¨ Atkinson & Shiffrin’s 3 Stage Model of Memory¨ Craik & Lockhart’s Level of Processing Model¨ Baddeley’s Working Memory Model¨ Tulving’s Multiple Memory Systems Model¨ McClelland & Rumelhart’s Connectionist ModelTraditional Model of Memoryn Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) 3 Stage ModelInformation Processing Model StimuliSensory registersShort Term Memory (STM)Long Term Memory (LTM)Sperling (1960) Iconic Memory Researchn Whole report procedure¨ Flash a matrix of letters for 50 milliseconds¨ Identify as many letters as possible¨ Participants typically remembered 4 lettersn Partial Report Procedure¨ Flash a matrix of letters for 50 milliseconds¨ Participants are told to report bottom row¨ Participants were able to report any row requestedPartial Report TechniqueAverbach & Coriell (1961)Iconic Memory ResearchG E U L M F S XW P M B D H J Y- Showed matrix for 50 msec - Place a small mark above a letter at different delays - Results indicated that as many as 12 letters could be stored insensory memorySensory Storesn Iconic store or Visual sensory register¨ Holds visual information for 250 msec longer¨ Information held is pre-categorical¨ Capacity – up to 12 items¨ Information fades quicklyn Econ or Auditory sensory register ¨ Holds auditory information for a 2-3 seconds longer to enable processingShort-Term Memoryn Attention¨ Attend to information in the sensory store, it moves to STMn Rehearsal¨ Repeat the information to keep maintained in STMn Retrieval¨ Access memory in LTM and place in STMShort Term Memory (STM)AttentionStorage & RetrievalRehearsalShort-Term MemoryØ Short-term /working memoryØ Limited capacity (7 + or - 2) or 2 sec.Ø Inputs from SR and LTSØ ConsciousnessØ Coding: verbal/spatialØ Information can be maintained indefinitely,provided it is given constant attentionØ Information decays in 15-20 secondsØ Rote vs Chunking mnemonicsWebster says… Mnemonic :Assisting or designed to assist memoryShort-Term MemoryØ How is information lost?Ø Decay ==> TimeØ Interference ==> Older displaced by newØ Brown-Peterson TaskØ Waugh & NormanBrown-Peterson TaskØ Subjects presented with trigram (XQJ)Ø Experimenter presents number (257)Ø Subject counts backwards by 3’s (2/sec)Ø After x seconds, subjects recall trigramBrown-Peterson TaskVRO187UYV89IDC131Brown-Peterson TaskProactive Interference in STM01020304050607080901003 sec 6 sec 9 sec 12 sec 15 sec 18 secDelay(seconds)Correct Recall %Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3n Keppel & Underwood (1962)¨ Replicated the Peterson & Peterson Task varying the time delay to recall¨ Analysis was done by trial number (1st trial, 2nd trial, 3rd trial, etc.)¨ Found support for proactive interferenceLoss or Decay?Ø Waugh & Norman -- Loss in B-P task could be due to decay or interference, because both covaried with retention intervalØ Independently varied time and number of intervening items Ø Does loss follow time or number of items?Waugh & Norman TaskØ Subjects presented with string of digitsØ Digits read at 1 or 4 per second (time)Ø Does recall vary as a function of time or items?Probe Digit : 9Response : 41 per second6 2 9 4 1 8 3 4 8 1 0 4 2 6 7 3( 16 sec )4 per second6294183481042673( 4 sec )Waugh & Norman TaskLoss from STMØ Loss is largely due to interference:Ø Old information is replaced by newØ Rehearsal moves info to head of bufferLong-Term Memoryn Capacity¨ Thus far limitlessn Duration¨ Potentially permanentLong Term Memory (LTM)Long-Term StoreØ Information comes from STSØ Conscious transfer -- Explicit memoryØ Unconscious transfer -- Implicit memoryØ Large capacityØ Can information be lost from LTS?Ø Poor retrieval cuesØ Memories overwritten?Let’s Test Your LTM!n You will see several words, one at a timen Do whatever you can to try and remember as many of the words as you cann At the end of the list, try to recall as many words as you can