Anthro 102 1st Edition Lecture 2Religion:I. Religiona. Worldviewb. Defining religionc. Religious beliefsd. Religious practice e. Kinds of religious practitionersII. Notable Theorists of Religiona. Edward Tylor (animism)i. Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Language, Art and Customb. James Frazeri. The Golden Bough: A Study in magic and religionc. Victor Turner (liminality-movement from one social status to another)i. Dram, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Societyd. Emile Durkheimi. The Elementary Forms of Religione. Clifford Geertzi. The Interpretation of CulturesIII. Religion and Worldviewa. Every culture involved in sense-making that links experience to wider worldb. Process results in “worldview”: all encompassing view of the world and how it operatesc. Establishment of symbolic frame works that high light certain kinds of Experiences and downplay othersi. Examples LawsIV. Defining Religiona. A belief in spirits (Edward Tylor); animismi. Anima is Latin for “Soul”b. A system of belief and action associated with supernatural beings and forcesc. Relation to a people’s world view (origins, design and their place in it)d. A system of meaning that offers a model of life and pattern for how to live it (Geertz)e. Magic and Religioni. Magic- people’s efforts to get supernatural forces and beings to do certain things(James Frazer)ii. Ritual practices whose apparent effects have not scientific explanation and have influence on outcome of practical mattersMagic:I. Defining MagicThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best Used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Imitative magic- things that resemble one another can be acted upon to influence the otheri. Voodoo dollsb. Contagious magic- things that were in contact with someone can still have an effect on themi. Hair/nail clippingsii. Physical objects owned/used by targetc. Belief that proper performance of rituals can insure health/healing, growth of crops, recovery of lost or stolen objectsd. Lack of proper performance can cause oppositeII. Defining Religion: Magic and Religiona. Early religious theorists (Tylor and Frazer) developed evolutionary modelb. Magic developed into religion and religion would develop into sciencec. HOWEVER, a belief in magic still persistsi. Sportsii. Farming iii. LoveReligion:I. Defining Religion: Originsa. Early people’s need for explanation=animism- a belief in souls or “doubles” (Tylor)b. Evolutionary perspective: animism, polytheism and monotheism (Tylor)c. Religion arose at the failure of magic (Frazer)d. Religion as developing to give cohesion to society through shared symbols and rituals (Emile Durkheim)e. Religion developed to serve purpose of reducing anxiety and uncertainty (Malinowski)II. Religious Beliefa. Two Major ways religious belief expressed and transferred across generationsi. Myth-stories or narratives about supernatural forces or beingsii. Doctrine- explicit descriptions of supernatural forces and beings and how we should relate to themb. Religious Belief: Mythi. Historically, myths of oral traditionii. Narrative with a plot that has beginning, middle and endiii. Expresses core beliefs and teaches morality (Malinowski)1. Urban Mythsiv. Help people deal with conceptual contradiction between life and death, good and evilc. Religious Belief: Doctrinei. Explicit written definition of super naturals and how to relate to themii. Associated with institutionalized large-scale religionsiii. Codified in sacred texts: Bible (Christianity), Torah (Judaism), Qur’an (Islam)d. Religious Belief: Supernatural Forces and Beingsi. Expressed in different form cross-culturally1. Zoomorphic-gods appear in shape, or partial shape, of animals2. Anthropomorphic- gods appear in human form3. Pantheons- collection of gods (Greek)4. Ancestor veneration- spirits of dead prayed to for intercessionIII. Religious Practice: Rituala. Patterned forms of behavior related to supernatural realmb. Periodic ritualsi. Regularly performed during yearc. Nonperiodic ritualsi. Irregularly performed in response to unforeseen eventsd. Life-cycle rituals (rites of passage) –mark status change of individual/group from one life stage to anothere. Phases to life-cycle ritual: separation, transition and reintegrationf. Rituals of inversion- normal social roles and relations invertedi. Carnivalii. Egungun festivalsg. Sacrifice- offerings to the supernaturali. Humanii. Animaliii. Food, flowers, and other