Anth102 1nd Edition Lecture 9 Outline of Last Lecture I. Hope is LifeII. Understanding in FluxIII. Human EvolutionIV. Continuing Discoveries Changing our IdeasV. What are Primates?VI. Trends in PrimatesOutline of Current Lecture Cultural EvolutionI. Changes in Developmenti. Until approximately 35000 years ago, there was no significant change in terms ofculture ii. There was then remarkable technological artistic and cultural advancesiii. Early humans began to show planning, forethought and creativity iv. They look at how to change their environmentv. Fossil evidence for humans discovered at Cro-Magnon, a rock shelter in Les Eyzies, Francevi. First modern humansvii. May have overlapped in time with Neanderthalsviii. But no evidence of interbreeding or cultural exchangeb. Cro-Magnon Mani. Essentially modern day humansii. Skilled hunters, artists and tool makersiii. Remains were first found in Europe, so it is believed that they had emigrated to Europe from Africac. Hunting and Gatheringi. The people of the Stone age lived in small groupsii. Would hunt within a region they identified as homeiii. Size of home would depend on availability of food and size of groupd. Homei. Began living in the same place for long periods of timeii. For protection they dug shallow pits and covered them with brush iii. Did not live in caves due to dampness and lingering smokeiv. Cro-Magnons lived in huts built from sticks and animal skinse. Social Aspectsi. Organized group huntsii. Took care of weak and buried the deadThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iii. Realized that social interaction improved chances for survivalII. How did they do it?a. Earliest ancestors caught small prey and ate dead meat of larger animalsb. Neanderthals began to hunt, capturing birds and small animals using trapsc. For larger animals they would either use a pitfall or force them into swampy mud holes. They would then attack them at a close ranged. Types of Toolsi. Took a high level of craftsmanship and ingenuity earliest tools were choppers and chopping toolsii. Hand axes were shaped in to an almost shape and then sharpened by chipping away stone pieces iii. Began to make size scrappers and points using same techniquese. Tool developmenti. They then began to create handles that could assist in the use of the toolsii. As their skills improved they were able to make finer blades and projectile weaponsiii. By the time humans moved to Europe they were able to use stone, bone, ivory and wood to fashion toolsiv. They could produce beads, ornaments, needles, fishing hooks, bow and arrowsII. Could they speak?a. Although the voice box and tract do not fossilize the hyoid doesb. It has been found that neanderals did have a hyoid which suggest that they could speak in some wayc. The first type of speech was most likely grunting in different waysd. They probably did not have a sophisticated language however they could speakIII. How did they understand it?a. Firei. Fire existed for thousands of years before humans learned how to make itii. Early humans began to gather natural fire and use it to warm their shelters, cook and scare animalsiii. Homo erectus then learned how to make it by rubbing sticks togetheriv. Evidence that is present ins the layers of ash found on cave floorsv. Fire allowed humans to spread farther into colder temperaturesvi. Created more times to pursue other activitiesvii. Used it to harden points on spearsviii. Used it for de fence by throwing burning sticks at animalsIV. Movement to New Worlda. Long understand that modern humans moved in Europe from Asia around 30,0000 years agoi. Two routes: ice-free corridor in Alaska and western Canada in to NA, anda coastal routeii. Archaeological evidence fro modern humans in New World referred to as Clovis traditionV. Changes in Developmenta. Clovis tradition associated with the Clovis pint a bifacial and fluted tooli. Sites date back as far as 11000 years agoii. Clovis people spread over much of North America, but the culture lastedonly a short periodb. Around 120,000 years ago people in old world began to change behaviorsi. Sedentismii. Domesticationc. Sedentism domestication, bipedalism, tool making and symbolic communication= most important developments in human evolutiond. These changes in behavior activities mark the Neolithic revolutione. Began in Old World (Mesopotamia)i. Fertile Crescent: evidence of rye, what and barley cultivation as well as sheep, goats, cattlef. Domestication later appeared in Africa, Asia and New Worldi. Independent inventionii. Cultural diffusiong. Sedentism, agriculture and other innovations led to development of citiesh. First emerged in Old World (Iraq)i. Homes of mad of dried mud brick ii. Government and religion closely connectediii. Temples used for storage, redistribution, craft activity, economic managementiv. Cities as centers for regional tradeVI. City/State Cyclesa. Cycle of expansion and decline followed by rise of new statesb. Difficult to maintain territorial integration and extreme social inequality over long periodsc. Also, environmental decline, which accompanies sate building and accumulationmay play role in state declined. Implications for modern statesVII. Recapa. Around 12000 years ago people began changing their behaviors and actionsi. Trend toward Sedentismii. Domestication of plants and animalsiii. Increased levels of food production=support for cities and statesb. Neolithic Revolutioni. Rapid transformation in techii. Creation of tools such as sickle blade and grinding stoneiii. Evidence appeared in