MemoryChapter ObjectivesMemory OverviewSlide 4Memory Physical PackagingSlide 6Slide 7Slide 8Memory Chip CapacityIdentifying Chip Capacity and SpeedSlide 11Slide 12Memory Chip TechnologiesSlide 14Slide 15Slide 16Memory BanksSlide 18Slide 19Buying the Right 72-Pin SIMMSlide 21Populating Pentium and Higher MotherboardsSlide 23Slide 24Buying the Right DIMM or RIMMSlide 26Slide 27Memory Installation RulesStart a Bank, Fill a BankSame Capacity Chips in BankSame Access SpeedSame Chip TypeHigher Capacity ChipsMemory Type, Size, and CapacityLaptop MemoryFlash MemoryInstalling Memory ChipsRemoving/Installing Memory ChipsRemoving a DIP ChipSlide 40Removing a SIMMSlide 42Removing a DIMM/RIMMSlide 44Installing a DIP ChipSlide 46Installing a SIMMSlide 48Slide 49Installing a DIMM/RIMMSlide 51Configuring the ComputerHow Much Memory?Slide 54Slide 55Slide 56Memory and Software ConsiderationsDOS/Windows 3.X and MemoryConventional MemoryUpper Memory Area (Reserved Memory)Expanded MemorySlide 62Extended MemorySlide 64Adding More Cache/RAMDisk CacheWindows 9X/NT/2000/XP Disk CachingSlide 68Monitoring Memory Usage Under WindowsUsing a RAM DriveDOS Applications Under Windows 9XDOS Applications Under NT Workstation/2000/XPTroubleshooting Memory ProblemsMemoryTerms and DefinitionsChapter ObjectivesAfter completing this chapter you will:•Understand memory-related terminology.•Be able to install and remove memory chips.•Understand how memory works with different operating systems.•Be able to optimize memory under different operating systems.•Be able to troubleshoot memory problems.Memory Overview•Types of Memory:–RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile memory found on the motherboard and stores the operating system, the software applications, and the data being used by all of the software.–ROM (Read Only Memory) is a non-volatile type of memory that keeps data in chips even when the computer is shut off.•Types of RAM:–DRAM (Dynamic RAM) is less expensive, but slower than SRAM. It requires periodic refreshing of the electrical charges holding the 1s and 0s.–SRAM (Static RAM) is faster but more expensive than DRAM. It is also known as cache memory or L2 cache.Memory Overview•Memory Terms:–Refreshing – Periodically rewriting information to the memory chip.–Nanosecond – A billionth of a second.–Pipelining – The process by which microprocessors and memory obtain computer software instructions in a timely fashion.–Cache Memory – also known as SRAM – can be found on the motherboard, but normally is found inside the CPU. Cache memory holds the most frequently used data so the CPU does not return to the slower DRAM chips to obtain the data.Memory Physical Packaging•Types of Memory Packaging:–DIP (Dual In-line Package) – A chip that has a row of legs running down each side.–SIMM (Single In-line Memory Module) – Available in 30-pin and 72-pin configurations.–DIMM (Dual In-line Memory Module) – 168-pin configuration and used in Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II or Pentium III motherboards.–DDR DIMM – 184-pin configuration and used in AMD Athlon computers, Pentium 4 computers, and high-end servers.–RIMM – Type of memory module used on video adapters and future motherboards.Memory Physical Packaging•Methods of Error Checking:–Parity – A method for checking the accuracy of data going in or out of the memory chips.–Non-parity – Memory chips that do not use any error checking.–ECC (Error Correcting Code) – Uses a mathematical algorithm to detect up to four-bit memory errors and correct one-bit memory errors.•A computer system that uses parity must have parity memory installed.Memory Physical PackagingMemory ChipsMemory – Figure #1Memory Physical Packaging184-Pin DDR DIMM and RIMMMemory – Figure #2Memory Chip Capacity•Most Common Memory Capacity •DIP chips–64Kb, 256Kb, or 1MB•30-Pin SIMM Modules–256Kb, 512Kb, 1MB, 2MB, and 4MB•72-Pin SIMM Modules–4MB, 8MB, 16MB, 32MB, 64MB, and 128MB•DIMM Modules–8MB, 16MB, 32MB, 64MB, 128MB, 256MB, 512MB, and 1024MB•RIMM Modules–64MB, 128MB, and 256MBIdentifying Chip Capacity and Speed•The only way to be certain of the capacity is to install the SIMM in a computer or research the manufacturer’s number on the internet.•Access Time – How fast information goes into a memory chip or is removed from the chip.•The lower the number of nanoseconds, the faster the access time of the memory chips.Identifying Chip Capacity and SpeedChip CapacityMemory – Figure #3Identifying Chip Capacity and SpeedMemory Chip Access TimeMemory – Figure #4Memory Chip Technologies•Technology to provide faster DRAM speeds:–FPM (Fast Page Mode) –EDO (Extended Data Out) –BEDO (Burst EDO)Memory Chip Technologies•SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) provides very fast burst memory access by placing new memory address on the address bus before prior memory address retrieval and execution completes.–The PC100 SDRAM DIMMs are designed for the 100MHz front side bus.–The PC133 SDRAM DIMMs are designed for the 133MHz front side bus, but will work with the 100MHz motherboards.–SPD (Serial Presence Detect) is an extra EEPROM feature of SDRAM DIMM PC100 and PC133 standard that adjusts the motherboard timings for the best CPU and RAM performance.–Registered SDRAM or Buffered SDRAM delays all data transfers by one clock to ensure accuracy. It is used in network servers and higher end computers.–Unbuffered SDRAM is the memory type most often used in home computers and in low-to-medium powered computers.•VCM (Virtual Memory Channel) is a memory chip alternative to SDRAM that fits in DIMM slots. The motherboard chipset must support it.Memory Chip Technologies•Other Types of RAM:–RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) – Developed by Rambus, Inc. and used in Pentium 4 computers and some video adapters. RDRAM is packaged in RIMMs.•When RIMMs are used, all memory slots must be filled. Put an C-RIMM (Continuity RIMM), which is a blank RIMM, in any empty slot.–DDR RAM (Double Data Rate RAM) – also called DDR SDRAM – Data can be transmitted on both sides of the clock signal (rising and falling edges).–VRAM (Video RAM) – A type of memory found on a video card.–WRAM (Windows RAM) – Dual-ported memory found on video adapters.–SGRAM (Synchronous Graphic Random Access Memory) – Used on video adapters and graphics accelerators and have special memory techniques that speed up graphics-intensive