System ConfigurationChapter ObjectivesConfiguration OverviewSetup SoftwareSlide 5Flash BIOSCMOS MemoryAdvanced Configuration InformationBatteriesSlide 10Slide 11Laptop and Device BatteriesReplacing a BatteryPlug and PlayConfiguration Through SwitchesSlide DIP SwitchSlide 17Rocker DIP SwitchSlide 19Other Configuration ParametersIRQ (Interrupt Request)Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24PCI InterruptsSlide 26I/O (Input/Output) AddressesSlide 28Slide 29Slide 30DMA (Direct Memory Access) ChannelsSlide 32Memory AddressesSlide 34Slide 35UtilitiesSlide 37Configuration of ISA AdaptersConfiguration of EISA AdaptersMore About Plug and PlayConfiguration of PCI and AGP AdaptersConfiguration of Adapters Using Windows 9x, 2000 Professional, and XPConfiguration of PC CardsSlide 44Slide 45Installing a USB DeviceSlide 47USB TroubleshootingInstalling an IEEE 1394 (FireWire) DeviceIEEE 1394 TroubleshootingInfrared DevicesSystem ConfigurationDefinitions and TermsChapter ObjectivesAfter completing this chapter you will:•Understand the different ways to configure a microcomputer.•Understand how to replace a battery.•Understand and be able to identify system resources such as interrupts, DMA channels, memory addresses, and I/O addresses.•Understand how different architectures and local bus adapters are configured.•Understand the effects of plug and play, Windows 9x, NT, 2000, and XP on configuring adapters.Configuration Overview•Setup program – Used to configure a computer system.•It indicates:–How much RAM is installed.–The type and number of hard drives and floppy drives.–Where the boot disk is located.–Date and time, etc.•Displays an error message if information in the setup program doesn’t match the hardware or if a specific device fails to operate properly.Setup Software•Most computers require Setup software to access the Setup program that is often built into the BIOS chip and accessed by specific keystrokes.•Sometimes BIOS requires updating and this can require replacing one or more chips on the motherboard or using an executable file.•Computers may need a BIOS upgrade for supporting more floppy drives, higher capacity hard drives, virus protection, password protection, or to solve problems with the current BIOS.Setup SoftwareSetup KeystrokesConfiguration – Table #1Flash BIOS•Flash BIOS – A type of memory that allows the BIOS to be changed without installing a new chip. The BIOS is updated via files that have been downloaded from the Internet.•Viruses can infect the Flash BIOS. Keep the BIOS write-protected until you need to update it.CMOS Memory•CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) chip – A special type of static memory on the motherboard that holds the setup configuration information. CMOS holds the computer’s current configuration information.–Part of the BIOS software routine that runs after power on checks CMOS for information about which components are supposed to be installed. After the information is read from CMOS, these components are tested. This the POST (described in Chap. 1), which runs whenever the computer cold boots.–A small battery on the motherboard keeps the CMOS memory from losing the setting information. If the battery dies, the information is lost and must be reentered.–The wrong configuration information causes POST error codes or error messages that might indicate a hardware problem.–The correct Setup information should be kept by a technician for each computer. The wrong information entered into the Setup program may cause the computer to operate improperly or fail to boot.Advanced Configuration Information–Many computers have an Advanced Setup with the following options:•Boot Sequence – This option determines if the computer looks first to the floppy drive, the hard drive, CD, or DVD drive for the operating system.•System BIOS Shadow or System BIOS Cacheable – This setting puts a copy of the software contained in the BIOS into RAM.•PNP/PCI Configuration Setup – This option is used to configure the PCI slots, configure the computer for a PNP operating system, and allow the BIOS to control IRQ and DMA assignments.•Power Saver: This option turns the system off after a period of non-use.–When installing a new system, use the default BIOS settings until all components are tested.–Passwords that have been set and forgotten can be cleared by jumpering pins together to clear either the power-on password or all of the CMOS settings.Batteries•Computer batteries come in various shapes and sizes, the most common today being a lithium battery about the size of a nickel (see Fig. 1). They slide into a special holder making them easy to change.•Older computers also used a cylindrical battery about 1.5 inches long that was soldered to the motherboard, but these batteries usually failed in a few years and were difficult to change.•Other computers use a 3.6 volt cylinder of lithium batteries or alkaline 4.5 volt batteries.•AA flashlight batteries were also used in a special holder and mounted inside the computer using velcro.•Other manufacturers use their own version of a battery pack.BatteriesMotherboard with Lithium BatteryConfiguration – Figure #1BatteriesConfiguration – Figure #2Computer BatteriesLaptop and Device Batteries•Up until 1996, the most popular laptop battery was the NiCad (Nickel Cadmium) battery.•NiMH (Nickel-Metal Hydride) batteries replaced the NiCad. These were lighter and stored 50% more power.•Li-Ion (Lithium Ion) batteries are replacing the NiMH, which are very light and can hold a charge longer than any other type of battery, but are also expensive.•Li-Ion Polymer batteries are similar to Li-Ion, but are packed in pouched cells, allowing for smaller batteries and more efficient use of space.•Zinc-Air battery is environmentally friendly and hold a charge for extended amount of time.•Fuel Cells – an upcoming technology that can hold a charge for 5 to 10 hours when used with a laptop.Replacing a Battery•Computer batteries last 7 to 10 years, with Li-Ion batteries currently lasting the longest.•Some technicians will change a battery with the power on to prevent the loss of configuration information.•The only way to ensure the settings aren’t lost is that setup configurations must be printed or written down before replacing a battery.•Always refer to the motherboard documentation for the proper battery specifications and follow all manufacturer