PowerPoint PresentationSection ObjectivesMemory OverviewSlide 4Memory Physical PackagingSlide 6Slide 7Planning the Memory InstallationPlanning the Memory Installation - Memory Chip TechnologiesPlanning the Memory Installation – Memory FeaturesPlanning the Memory Installation – The Amount of Memory to InstallSlide 12Slide 13Slide 14Planning the Memory Installation – How Much of Each Memory TypePlanning for Memory – Research and BuyLaptop MemoryInstalling Memory OverviewSlide 19Removing/Installing a DIP ChipSlide 21Slide 22Installing a DIP ChipRemoving/Installing a DIMM/RIMMSlide 25Slide 26Adding More Cache/RAMWindows 9X/NT/2000/XP Disk CachingSlide 29Monitoring Memory Usage Under WindowsOld Applications Under NT Workstation/2000/XPTroubleshooting Memory ProblemsFlash Memory6-1Memory6-2Section ObjectivesAfter completing this section you will be able to:Differentiate between different memory technologiesPlan for a memory installation or upgradeInstall and remove memory chipsDescribe how memory works with the operating systemOptimize memory for Windows-based platformsTroubleshoot memory problems6-3Memory OverviewTypes of Memory:–RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile memory found on the motherboard and stores the operating system, the software applications, and the data being used by all of the software.–ROM (Read Only Memory) is a non-volatile type of memory that keeps data in chips even when the computer is shut off.Types of RAM:–DRAM (Dynamic RAM) is less expensive, but slower than SRAM. It requires periodic refreshing of the electrical charges holding the 1s and 0s.–SRAM (Static RAM) is faster but more expensive than DRAM. It is also known as cache memory or L2 cache.6-4Memory OverviewMemory Terms:–Refreshing – Periodically rewriting information to the memory chip.–Nanosecond – A billionth of a second.–Pipelining – The process by which microprocessors and memory obtain computer software instructions in a timely fashion.–Cache Memory – Can be found on the motherboard, but normally is found inside the CPU. Cache memory holds the most frequently used data so the CPU does not return to the slower DRAM chips to obtain the data.6-5Memory Physical PackagingTypes of Memory Packaging:–DIP (Dual In-line Package) – A chip that has a row of legs running down each side.–SIMM (Single In-line Memory Module) – Available in 30-pin and 72-pin configurations.–DIMM (Dual In-line Memory Module) – 168-pin, 184-pin and 240-pin configurations.–DDR DIMM – 184-pin configuration and single notch on bottom.–RIMM – Type of memory module used on Pentium 4 computers.6-6Memory Physical PackagingMemory chipsMemory – Figure 6.16-7Memory Physical Packaging184-Pin DDR DIMM and RIMMMemory – Figure 6.26-8Planning the Memory InstallationKey points for planning a memory installation:–Refer to motherboard documentation to determine what type of memory is supported–Determine what features are supported–Determine how much memory and how much of each module is needed–Research prices–Purchase memory modules6-9Planning the Memory Installation - Memory Chip Technologies•Technology to provide faster DRAM speeds:–FPM (Fast Page Mode) –EDO (Extended Data Out) –BEDO (Burst EDO)6-10Planning the Memory Installation – Memory Features•Methods of Error Checking:–Parity – A method for checking the accuracy of data going in or out of the memory chips.–Non-parity – Memory chips that do not use any error checking.–ECC (Error Correcting Code) – Uses a mathematical algorithm to detect up to four-bit memory errors and correct one-bit memory errors.•A computer system that uses parity must have parity memory installed.6-11Planning the Memory Installation – The Amount of Memory to InstallMemory is one of the easiest upgrades to increase computer performance.Amount of memory needed depends on:Operating SystemTypes of applications usedHow many applications the user wishes to have open at the same timeType of computerMaximum allowed by motherboard6-12Common Memory Capacities: DIMM Modules256MB, 512MB, 1GB, 2GB, 4GB, and 8GB RIMM Modules64MB, 128MB, 256MB, and 512MBMemory chips can have varying numbers: Example, 256 memory module showing 32Mx64Planning the Memory Installation – The Amount of Memory to Install6-13The starting point for memory is determined by your operating system. The number of application the user wishes to run simultaneously and the application function also affect the amount of memory needed.In Windows XP access the System Information window to determine the amount of memory you have.It is necessary to take the cover off of the computer and look at the motherboard to determine the number of slots available. Planning the Memory Installation – The Amount of Memory to Install6-14Table 6.5Common Computer PortsPlanning the Memory Installation – The Amount of Memory to Install6-15Planning the Memory Installation – How Much of Each Memory TypeThe motherboard manufacturer determines the number of memory slots, what type of memory modules fit in each slot, and the features the memory modules can have. Single-sided memory – A memory module that the CPU accesses one at a time.Double-sided memory – A memory module manufactured in a way that it has two memory modules in one container.Dual-channel memory – The memory processing is handled more efficiently by the memory controller chip by handling two memory paths simultaneously.6-16Planning for Memory – Research and BuyResearch and buying is one of the most confusing steps of memory installation/upgrade.A confusing aspect of purchasing memory is memory speed which can be represented in nanoseconds, MHz, or the DDR PC Rating. Access time – How fast information goes into a memory chip or is removed from the chip. (measured in nanoseconds)CL rating (column address strobe (CAS) latency – The amount of time as measured in clock cycles that passes before the processor moves to the next memory address.6-17Laptop MemoryTypes of Laptop Memory:–SO-DIMM (Small Outline-DIMM) or microDIMM – Special, smaller DIMM used in laptop computers.–SO-RIMM (Small Outline-RIMM) – Special, smaller RIMM used in laptop computers.6-18Installing Memory OverviewInstallation Steps:–Determine which chip capacities can be used for the system.–Determine how much memory is