NSC 170C1 1st Edition Lecture 28 Outline of Last Lecture I. CancerOutline of Current Lecture II. What are supplements?III. Supplement SmartsIV. Botanical pharmaceutical Current LectureI. What Are Supplements and Who Needs Them?A. Dietary supplements i. Products such as multivitamin/mineral pills, flaxseed oil, and protein powders used to supplement your dietii. They are not intended as a substitute for conventional food oras a stand-alone item in a meal or the dietiii. Many contain herbs, a botanicaliv. Some are made from specific amino acidsv. Forty percent of Americans buy vitamin and mineral supplements, spending over $1 billion annuallyII. Who Might Benefit from a Micronutrient Supplement?A. Useful for some peoplei. Pregnant and lactating womenii. Older people who need adequate synthetic vitamin B12 and/or calciumiii. People who don’t get adequate sun exposure to meet vitamin D needsiv. People on low-calorie dietsv. Strict vegetariansvi. People with food allergies or a lactose intolerancevii. People who abuse alcohol, have medical conditions such as intestinal disorders, or who take medications that may increase needs for certain vitaminsIII. Who’s Minding the Supplement Store?A. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates supplements less strictly than drugsi. The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 shifted responsibility for assessing the quality,effectiveness, and safety of dietary supplements from the FDA to the supplement manufacturersB. Supplements do not need approval to be marketed and sold unless they contain a new ingredient that hadn’t been used before 1994C. The FDA cannot remove a supplement from the marketplace unless it has been proven to be unsafe or harmfulD. The U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP) is an independent nonprofit organization that provides guidance for consumers. It tests supplements to ensure that they:i. Contain the ingredients in the amounts stated on labelii. Dissolve in the body in a reasonable amount of time for proper absorptioniii. Are free of contaminantsiv. Have been manufactured using safe and sanitary proceduresE. Companies voluntarily use USP for consumer confidencei. Supplements not using USP may not contain ingredients in amounts statedIV. USP SealA. What’s a Consumer to Do?i. The FDA has strict guidelines for claims appearing on supplement labels, such as “high potency”ii. The FDA requires that certain information appear on the label of dietary supplements:iii. Must clearly identify the contents of the bottle1. All ingredients must be listed2. Must display a Supplement Facts panel listing:Serving sizeNumber of tablets in the bottleAmount of the micronutrient(s) or other active ingredients in each servingPercentage of the Daily ValueV. Supplement SmartsA. What Are Functional Foods and What Role Do They Play in Your Diet?i. Functional food: a food shown to have a positive effect on your health beyond its basic nutrientsii. Carrots: rich in beta-carotene, a source of vitamin A and antioxidant that may fight canceriii. Oats: contain the soluble fiber beta-glucan, shown to lower blood cholesterol levelsiv. Phytochemicals: beneficial compounds derived from plantsv. Zoochemicals: beneficial compounds derived from animals B. Are People Buying Functional Foods?i. Americans spend $25 billion annually on functional foodsii. 70 percent of Americans surveyed believe food and nutrition play a key role in maintaining and improving their healthiii. Baby boomers are particularly interested in trying to hedge against the aging process through dietC. What Are the Benefits of Functional Foods?i. Used by health care professionals as an appealing and economical way to help treat chronic diseaseii. Probiotics: live microorganisms (healthy bacteria) that can have beneficial health effectsa) Found in yogurtb) Partially digest the lactose, enabling people with lactose intolerance to eat yogurt or other dairy products without intestinal discomfortiii. Thought to positively affect the immune system, relieve certain allergies, and reduce inflammation in the intestinal tractD. What Concerns Are Associated with Functional Foods?i. Labeling claims on functional foods can be confusing to the consumera) Some consumers may think that by eating a functional food they are “off the hook” about eating healthfully for the rest of the dayii. Many products with added vitamins or antioxidants are still high in sugar or caloriesiii. Many have a hefty price tagiv. Problems may arise if too much is consumedV. Botanicals: The Original PharmaceuticalsA. Botanicals: products made from plants and used for cosmetic, culinary, or therapeutic purposesB. Many medications used today are derived from plants used since ancient times.i. Any part of the plant—flowers, berries, bark, seeds, stems, or roots—can be used in botanicals and each may have a different effect in the body.C. The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) funds numerous studies to further our understanding of botanicals.D. Are botanicals safe?E. The term natural doesn’t automatically mean safei. Herbal supplements can have drug-like effects in your body and interact with prescription and over-the-counter medications.ii. Herbals are considered dietary supplements and are not regulated by the FDA. F. Herbals may contain contaminants.i. Herbals don’t always have same level of bioactives or concentrations when grown in different