NSC 170C1 1st Edition Lecture 22 Outline of Last Lecture I. Overweight and Obesity Outline of Current Lecture I. Underweight Factors A. Diets II. Eating Disorders A. Treatment and awarenessCurrent LectureI. Factors that lead to being underweightA. Underweight is a BMI below 18.5 B. There are a variety of factors that can lead C. Potential causes include:i. Medical conditions such as cancer or intestinal disordersii. Alcoholismiii. Psychiatric disorders such as depression or dementiaiv. Chronic emotional stressv. Povertyvi. Excessive physical activityvii. Excessive caloric restriction due to dietingD. Unrealistic body images in mediaII. Being underweight contributes to poor health A. Underweight can increase your risk for many health problems, including:i. Disorders related to nutrient deficiencies such as anemia, hair loss, irregular heartbeat, impaired nerve function, and low bone densityii. Increased risk for fractures due to low bone densityiii. Reduced immune defensesiv. Loss of menstrual periods and risk of miscarriage in womenIII. FAD Diets are the latest fadA. Americans spend over $30 billion annually on weight-loss programs, products, and pillsB. Research supports that it is the calories, not the composition of the diet that counts when it comes to losing weighti. Any diet can support weight loss when calories are reduced.ii. The more realistic and doable the diet, the more likely people will stick with it long enough to lose weightC. Red flags for diet hype:i. Diets that severely limit certain foodsii. Diets that guarantee rapid weight lossiii. Celebrity-endorsed miracle weight-loss products with a money-back guaranteeiv. Naturally occurring plants, herbs, and other substances that will help you lose weight without risksv. More- and Less-Energy-Dense Food Choices, by Food GroupIII. What is an eating disorder and how can you identify it? A. No single factor causes eating disordersi. Sociocultural Factorsa) Our society associates thinness with beauty, success, and happinessb) Young women are highly influenced by images in the media that depict women with abnormally low body weightsii. Physical Factorsa) Researchers theorize that a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors can increase an individual’s risk for eating disordersb) Eating disorders are observed to “run in families”iii. Psychological Factorsa) Depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder are common in people with eating disorders.b) Perfectionism is a personality trait that can contribute to eating disorders.c) A person with an eating disorder often gets a sense of security from being able to control food intake and weight.iv. Anorexia Results from Severe Calorie Restrictionv. Bulimia Involves Cycles of Binge Eating and Purgingvi. Binge Eating Disorder Involves Compulsive Overeatingvii. Night Eating Syndromeviii. Learn the Warning Signs of Disordered EatingB. Disordered eating describes a variety of eating patterns considered abnormal and potentially harmfuli. Refusing to eat, compulsive eating, binge eating, restrictive eating, vomiting after eating, or abusing diet pills, laxatives, or diureticsC. Eating disorders are psychological illnesses that involve specific abnormal eating behaviors: anorexia nervosa (self-starvation) and bulimia nervosa (binging and purging)i. It is possible for someone to engage in disordered eating patterns without having an actual eating disorderD. In the United States, 11 million people struggle with eating disordersi. Predominantly affects adolescent and young adult females in white upper-middle- and middle-class familiesii. 12 percent of eating disorders occur in malesiii. Anyone can develop these conditions regardless of gender, age, race, ethnicity, or social statusIV. Common Eating Disorders A. Anorexia i. Anorexia results from serve caloric restrictionii. Characterized by self-starvation and excessive weight lossiii. Intense fear of gaining weight or being fat, along with misperception of body sizeiv. May have a fear of eating certain foods, such as those containing fat and sugarv. May also exercise excessively to control weightvi. Serious health effects that can be fatala) Electrolyte imbalancesb) Drop in body temperature, which can lead to growth of lanugo (downy hair)c) Decrease in heart rate and blood pressure, weakness, fatigue, and hair lossd) Reproductive ability ceasese) Digestive process slows, causing constipation, bloating, and delayed gastric emptyingf) Dehydration, iron deficiency, and osteoporosisB. Bulimia i. Bulimia involves cycles of binge eating and purgingii. During bingeing, the person lacks control over eating and consumes a larger than normal amount of food in a short period of timeiii. The binge is often followed by some type of purging.a) Purging: any behavior that assists in “getting rid” of food to prevent weight gain or promote weight lossb) Vomiting, excessive exercise, abuse of diet pills, laxatives, or diuretics, and strict dieting or fastingiv. Associated with many severe health consequencesa) Self-induced vomiting can cause tears in the esophagus, swollen parotid glands, tooth decay and gum disease, and broken blood vessels in the eyeb) Electrolyte imbalances can be fatalc) Dehydration and constipationd) Laxative abuse can cause constipation, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, fluid retention, bloody stool, and impaired bowel functionC. Binge Eating Disorder i. Involves compulsive overeatingii. Recurrent episodes of binge eating without purginga) Eat without regard to physiological cues and may feel out of control while eatingiii. Overeating results in physical and psychological discomfort.a) May binge in secret and feel ashamed about their behavioriv. Health risks include: overweight and obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, gallbladder diseasev. Falls into the diagnostic category of “Eating Disorders Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS)”D. Night Eating Syndromei. Another form of EDNOSii. Consumes a majority of daily calories after the evening meal, as well as wakes up during the night, possibly severaltimes, to eata) Most common among obese individualsiii. Unique combination of disordered eating, a sleep disorder,and a mood disorderiv. Associated with low self-esteem, depression, reduced daytime hunger, and less weight loss among obese patientsv. Stress is a contributing factor in the development and continuation of night eating syndromeV. Warning Signs of