NSC 170C1 1st Edition Lecture 9 Outline of Last Lecture I. Foods to Eat Outline of Current Lecture I. DiabetesA. Development B. TypesC. Management Current LectureI. Diabetes (diabetes mellitus)A. A group of diseases characterized by the body’s inability to regulate the levelsof glucose in the bloodstreamB. Causes:i. Decreased ability of the pancreas to produce insulinii. Decreased response to insulin within the bodyiii. A combination of both decreased insulin production and decreased insulin sensitivityII. How does diabetes develop? A. Type 1 diabetes develops when the body’s immune system destroys cells in the pancreas that make insulinB. Type 2 diabetes begins as insulin resistance, the inability of the cells to respond to insulinC. In both types, the body is unable to utilize glucose in the bloodstream and shifts into fasting modei. The liver breaks down its glycogen storesii. Blood glucose can become so high that it spills into urineiii. The body attempts to burn fat, producing acidic ketone bodiesiv. Ketoacidosis occurs if ketone bodies build up to dangerous levels and can result in coma or deathv. Insulin ResistanceIII. Cases of diabetes is on the rise A. Over 10 percent of American adults have diabetesB. There was a 15 percent increase in diabetes between 2005 and 2007C. In 1990, fewer than 4 percent of children had type 2 diabetesD. Now, up to 45 percent of new cases of diabetes in children are type 2E. Diabetes was the 7th leading cause of death in the United States in 2006F. Medical costs associated with diabetes in the United States are more than $150 billion annuallyVI. Type 1 diabetes A. An autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune cells destroy the insulin-producing cells in the pancreasB. Usually begins in childhood or early adult yearsC. Accounts for only 5 to 10 percent of diabetes cases in the United StatesD. Symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision, hunger, weight loss, and fatigueE. Must self-administer insulin daily using either a syringe, insulin pen, insulin jet injector, or insulin pumpVII. Type 2 diabetes A. Characterized by resistance of the body cells to the effects of the hormone insulin i. As a result of insulin resistance, the cells of the pancreas produce more insulinii. Overproduction of insulin can lead to eventual exhaustion of the insulin-producing cellsiii. Patients may have to take medication and/or insulin to manage blood glucose levelsB. Accounts for 90 to 95 percent of diabetes cases in the United StatesC. Risk factors for type 2 diabetes:i. Overweight and obesityii. 66 percent of American adults are overweight or obeseiii. Of children diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, as many as 85 percentare overweight or obeseiv. A combination of overeating and sedentary lifestyle contributesD. Heredityi. Strong genetic influence on your risk for type 2 diabetesii. Certain ethnic groups have significantly higher rates than Caucasian AmericansVIII. PrediabetesA. Term for people who are at increased risk of developing diabetes, but do not currently have the diseaseB. Impaired fasting glucose: blood glucose level is higher than normal after an overnight fast, but not high enough to classify as diabetesC. Impaired glucose tolerance: blood glucose level is higher than normal after a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test, but not high enough to classify as diabetesD. 16 million people over age 40 have prediabetesE. What Are the Long-Term Consequences of Diabetes?iii. Nerve damageiv. Poor wound healing and decreased ability to fight infectionv. Impaired visionvi. Dental problemsvii. Kidney problemsviii. Heart disease and strokeF. Gestational Diabetesi. Occurs in 7 percent of pregnancies in the United Statesii. Usually appears after about the 20th week of pregnancyiii. Cause unknown, but pregnancy-related hormones appear to lead to insulin resistanceiv. High blood glucose can cause problems for the baby, including abnormally large size, difficulty breathing, or birth defectsXIV. How can diabetes be managed? A. Adopt a Healthy, Well-Balanced DietB. Participate in Regular Physical ActivityC. Nutrition and Exercise Can Help Prevent Type 2 DiabetesD. For individuals with diabetes, the ADA recommends a diet consisting of:i. High-fiber carbohydrates from whole grains, fruits, and vegetablesii. Low-fat milkiii. Adequate amounts of lean proteiniv. Unsaturated fatsE. Glycemic index (GI)i. Compares the rise, peak, and fall of the blood glucose curve following consumption of a particular carbohydrate-intense food to that of an equal amount of white breadF. Glycemic load (GL)i. Adjusts the GI to take into account the amount of carbohydrate consumed in a typical serving of a foodii. Both the GI and the GL classify the effects of carbohydrate-containing foods on blood